Unit 7: Psychoanalysis Flashcards
Fechner and the mind
Mind as iceberg
-> Consciousness as tip (1/10)
-> unconscious as rest (9/10)
Breuer
Case of the hysterical girl
method: hypnosis
Which concepts did Liebault and Bernheim come up with?
Post-hypnotic suggestion: ideas planted during hypnosis can influence behaviour
Post-hypnotic amnesia: patients tend to forget experiences during hypnosis
-> can return with enough motivation
Therapeutic Nihilism
no therapeutic intervention
-> leave body to recover on its own or through diets
Victorian mentality
animal dimension of human nature not accepted
severe conscience
double standards
women as innocent beings
Discrepancies between Freud and Breuer
- Freud displaces hypnosis with free association
- Transference (Doctor-patient relationship)
- Hysteria of sexual origin
- Hysterics resist healing
What did the studies on hysteria before psychoanalysis reveal and what was that knowledge the basis for?
existence of repressed unconscious motives
origin of motives of sexual nature
-> basis of psychoanalysis
In how far did freud accept reductionist materialism?
behaviour should be explained scientifically
Which foundations of psychoanalysis does the project for scientific psychology contain?
aim of mental functions: discharge nervous tension experienced as displeasure
division of mind into separate compartments
Where do the repressed desires we discover in dreams have their origin?
in childhood
The oedipus complex
development of sexual instinct during childhood
Three essays on sexual theory
1905
three parts:
- sexual abberations
- infantile sexuality
- pubertal transformations
concept of libido
What is infantile sexuality characterised by?
being egocentric and narcissistic
How is behaviour often explained?
Eros (sexual/ life instinct)
Stages of psychosexual development
oral: first year
anal: second year
phallic: 3-5, oedipus complex
dormant: 6-puberty
genital: puberty-death
first three stages autoerotic
How is psychopathology described?
excessive deprivation or overgratification
life insitincts
Eros
energy assciated
-> libido
perpetuate life
death instincts
thanatos
death
try to end life
-> cause of aggression
What is the purpose of instincts?
restoring previous state of affairs
-> free of tension
How is the meaning of the unconscious reformulated because of the EGO and ID?
descriptive and dynamic
What is the preconscious?
ideas are unconscious at the present but can easily access consciousness
How do you divide the new system (active mental system)?
Ego
Id
Superego
Id
original system
unconscious
home of pleasure principle and thanatos
-> expects immediate gratification
Ego
grand executive of psyche
formed during first months of life
rational
governed by principle of reality
-> regulates instincts
develops defensive mechanisms
Superego
moral dimension of personality
incorporates norms into self
Three types of anxiety
Objective: real threat
Neurotic: ego feels pressured by ID
-> difficult to control irrational tendencies
Moral: sense of guilt and self-punishment
-> enforced by superego
What do defence mechanisms deal with and which aspects do they deal with?
neurotic and moral anxiety
aspects:
- unconscious
- distort reality
Defence mechanisms
Repression: keep disturbing thoughts from becoming conscious
Denial: person refuses to experience overwhelming situation
Projection: attributing own unacceptable thoughts to another person
Displacement: satisfying impulse with substitute
Regression: movement back in psychological time
Sublimation: satisfying impulse with substitute in socially acceptable way
What can we say about the data collection of psychonanalysis?
collected from patients and self-analysis
not representative of population
not experimental
immeasurable
What was psychonanalysis characterised by, making it impractical and unscientific?
Dogmatism
Pansexualism (extremist stance of importance of sex)
Self-fulfilling prophecy (data only found because it was explicitly looked for)
long duration
high cost
limited effectiveness
Some of the most important authors for Psychoanalysis
Leibniz
Goethe
Herbart
Schopenhauer
Nietzsche
Fechner
Darwin
Brentano
Von Hartmann
Which 2 types of personality does Jung divide humans in?
Introversion
Extroversion
What are the psychological functions of Jung’s personality types?
Thought
Feeling
Intuition
Sensation
What is the Ego for Jung?
The self
-> consciousness of each individual
Archetypes
predispositions of perceptual and emotional dimension
Self: union of opposites, corresponds to need for transcendence
Person: tendency to only show a part of the personality
Anima: feminine dimension
Animus: masculine dimension
Shadow: repressed evil, not accepted in ourselves
-> projected onto others
What type of importance did jung make aware of?
Synchronicity
-> fortuitous events changing our lives
Why was Jung criticised?
Advocated religion
-> unscientific
Concept of archetype metaphysical
Theories unclear and inconsistent
According to Adler, what does sexuality serve?
elementary intentions of personal power
-> overrides impulses
Compensation
provokes auxillary construction
-> establishes fiction transforming inferiority to superiority
Inferiority complex
stems from succumbing to feeling of inferiority during childhood
