Unit 6: Intelligence

Question 1

What are two examples for areas where society demanded development because of psychology?

Answer 1

School environment
Army and companies

Question 2

What change did psychology bring to the school environment?

Answer 2

Lack of student classification system
-> creation of systems and analysis of children‘s abilities
-> group them by classrooms according to respective levels

Question 3

What change did psychology bring to army and companies?

Answer 3

Reliable means of personell selection sought (need to select best candidates)
-> rely on applied part of psychology

Question 4

Innativism

Answer 4

Individual characteristics of each person are of genetic origin

Question 5

Environmentalism

Answer 5

Individual differences originate from environmental factors

Question 6

Who was the father of differential psychology and what was the focus of this paradigm?

Answer 6

Sir Francis Galton
Interest in studying human being and individual differences

Question 7

What was Galton‘s relation to Darwin and in how far was he influenced by him?

Answer 7

Darwin‘s cousin
Intelligence could be key factor in development of our species
-> differences in aptitude could be due to hereditary factor
=> derived from evolutionary theory

Question 8

What were some of Galton’s biggest contributions on measurements?

Answer 8

Weather map
Finger print identification
(Human ear loses perception of high-frequence with age)
(Measured degree of boredom at scientific conferences)

Question 9

What is intelligence according to Galton and what does it consist of?

Answer 9

Consists of sensitive acuity
Largely inherited

Question 10

What was an indicator of high intellectual capacity according to Galton?

Answer 10

Study rate of eminence

Question 11

What did Galton suggest in the context of eugenics?

Answer 11

Offspring of illustrious individuals
-> more likely to be more illustrious that normal population
=> encourage reproduction of people with good traits and discourage rest

Question 12

Selective descent project

Answer 12

Based on theory of evolution
Intelligence as primary and fundamental marker of individual differences
Proposed governments of different countries to promote and subsidise project
-> strong disagreement
Even Darwin said Galton was a fool for this idea

Question 13

What is the Word Association Test?

Answer 13

aka WAT
Research instrument to explore individual differences
Developed by Carl Jung as clinical diagnostic tool

Question 14

What were Galton‘s takeaways from Jungs test?

Answer 14

Suggestion that there might be link between IQ and WA

Question 15

What does a typical association test look like?

Answer 15

List of trigger words
-> response as fast as possible (say first word that relates to trigger)

Question 16

Are IQ and WA linked?

Answer 16

Galton unable to find direct link
-> no

Question 17

What else did Galton discover/ first describe/ invent?

Answer 17

Mental imagery
Anthropometric laboratory (effort to measure intelligence and individual differences)
statistical measures:
Correlation, Regression and Median (as central tendency)

Question 18

Which contributions did Alfred Binet make?

Answer 18

Contributions to psychometrics and differential psychology
-> designed test to predict school performance
Alongside Simon: key for development of intelligence tests

Question 19

Who was the father of French Experimental Psychology and why?

Answer 19

Binet
Directly measured complex mental operations

Question 20

What did Binet perform research on?

Answer 20

Hysteria
Hypnosis
Memory
Childhood fears
Creativity
Thinking without images
Graphology

Question 21

Individual psychology

Answer 21

Intelligence consists of various mental faculties
Binet & Henri (rejected Galton & Cattell)
Largely unsuccessful

Question 22

Why did Binet and Henri reject Galton and Cattell?

Answer 22

1. They (G&C) measured intelligence via sensory acuity and not through complex mental operations
2. Binet considered that important variables varied by age

Question 23

Binet, Simon and intelligence tests

Answer 23

Worked with mentally retarded children
Started creating test to differentiate intellectually normal children from not ‚normal‘ ones
-> developed first intelligence test that directly measures intelligence

Question 24

What did the Intelligence Scale Binet-Simon consist of and what were its conclusions?

Answer 24

30 simple tests
-> 3 of motor development and 27 of cognitive abilities (applied to children of 2-12 years)
Conclusions:
- Importance of heredity
- people functioned below their capacity
-> capacity to grow

Question 25

What was the controversy around the Intelligence Scale Binet-Simon?

Answer 25

Intended solely for practical purpose of identifying schoolchildren who require special attention
Fear it would be used to label children and limit their opportunities instead of improving their education

Question 26

What did further revision of the scale lead to?

Answer 26

Establishment whether child performs above, below or same level as average for children of same age
Intellectual age

Question 27

What is the intellectual age?

Answer 27

Most difficult test a child can pass depending on their age
If intellectual age 2+ years below chronological age
-> likely to have difficulties in school

Question 28

Who introduced the concept of Mental/ Intellectual age?

Answer 28

William Stern

Question 29

What is the IQ?

Answer 29

IQ= mental age: age

Question 30

What did Terman suggest in the context of IQ?

Answer 30

IQ should be multiplied by 100 to remove decimals
-> more manageable unit of measurement
=> classification according to IQ

Question 31

What is Charles Spearman known for?

Answer 31

Bifactor theory of intelligence
Founding of ‚London School‘ of psychology

Question 32

What does the Bifactor Theory of Intelligence consist of?

Answer 32

General factor ‚G‘:
- common basis of intelligence
- vary from individuals but remain same for any one of them with correlated capacities

Specific factor ‚S‘:
- specific aptitudes
- vary from individuals and capacities