Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microanatomy > Unit 7 - Female Reproductive System II > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Female Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 anatomical subdivisions of the oviducts?

A
  1. infundibulum - funnel shaped end where the oviduct lumen opens to the peritoneal cavity
    - fimbriae surround opening
  2. ampulla - longest portion, and widest except for infundibulum
  3. isthmus - straight part connecting ampulla and uterus
  4. intramural part - passes through uterine wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the oviduct wall?

A
  1. inner mucosa
  2. middle muscularis
  3. outer serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what comprises the inner mucosa of the oviduct?

A
  1. mucosal folds - fill much of oviduct lumen to increase SA
    - most elaborate in ampulla, simplest in intramural part
  2. mucosal epithelium - simple columnar epithelium
    - lines oviduct lumen and surfaces of fimbraie
    - ciliated and secretory cells
  3. lamina propria - highly cellular, well-vascularized CT
    - has smooth muscle in finbriae for movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the cell types in mucosal epithelium of oviduct?

A
  1. ciliated cells - pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, large euchromatic basal nucleus, prominent apical cilia, and darkly staining basal bodies at cilia bases
    - have motile cilia to sweep oocyte complex or fertilized embryo toward uterus
  2. secretory (peg) cells - dark staining secretory products; apical surfaces protrude above epithelial surface
    - secretions nourish and protect gametes/embryos, and help sperm activation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do hormones affect mucosal epithelium of oviduct?

A

estrogen stimulates cilia elongation, increase secretions, and hypertrophy of both ciliated and secretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oviduct muscularis

A

smooth muscle and some CT

  • thick, inner, circularly-oriented layer and thin, outer, longitudinally-oriented layer
  • thickens and becomes better defined from infundibulum to isthmus
  • contractions bend infundibulum closer to ovary
  • sweeps fimbriae over ovary surface
  • peristaltic contractions propel fertilized embryos toward uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

oviduct serosa

A

well-vascularized loose CT

  • covered by simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium
  • provides blood and nerve supply to oviduct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens if an ectopic pregnancy is not aborted?

A

developing placenta erodes thick lining of blood vessels in oviduct serosa
-growing fetus eventually ruptures oviduct, causing lethal hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anatomical overview of uterus

A
  1. upper uterine body (“uterus”)
  2. lower uterine body (“cervix)
  3. inner endometrium, middle myometrium, outer perimetrium/epimetrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. stroma - CT of amorphous ground substance (some type III collagen, many fibroblasts)
  2. simple columnar surface epithelium (mostly present)
  3. uterine glands - simple, tubular glands lined by simple columnar secretory cells continuous w/ surface epithelium
  4. spiral arteries (functionalis) and straight arteries (basalis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 2 arteries of the endometrium?

A
  1. spiral arteries - supply upper endometrium (functional layer = functionalis)
  2. straight arteries - supply lower endometrium (basal layer = basalis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

menstrual phase endometrium

A

progesterone loss after luteolysis causes constriction of spiral arteries and hypoxia of functionalis

  • straight arteries and basalis are unaffected
  • very short glands
  • lacks surface epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

proliferative phase endometrium

A

estrogen from growing ovarian follicles promotes proliferation of stromal and gland cells (mitotic profiles)

  • surface epithelium regenerates from growing uterine gland secretory cells
  • stroma thickens via replication of basalis fibroblasts and ECM production
  • straight uterine glands lengthen
  • spiral arteries grow into reformed functionalis and sprout arterioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

secretory phase endometrium

A

progesterone from CL stimulates secretory cell hypertrophy and secretory activity, and promotes vascular changes

  • coiling and dilation of uterine glands and secretion of glycogen-rich (apocrine) and glycoPRO-rich (merocrine) product
  • thin-walled vascular lacunae develop and fill with blood
  • -abundant blood flow to placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endometriosis

A

presence of endometrial stromal and parenchymal cells outside uterus

  • endometrium sloughed off during menses passes retrograde through oviducts, into peritoneal cavity (ovaries, outer surfaces of oviduct/uterus, broad ligament, colon, rectouterine pouch, rectal sheath)
  • tissue is still hormone sensitive, undergoing cycles of growth and bleeding through menses
  • pain (no longer cycle-dependent), inflammation, and adhesions between organ and peritoneal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a chocolate cyst?

A

specific case of endometrial tissue invading ovary tunica albuginea
-brown due to accumulated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

myometrium

A

thickest layer of uterine wall

  • bundles of smooth muscle are separated by CT
  • organized into 3 partially interwoven, indistinct layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens to the myometrium in pregnancy?

A

smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy

  • increased collagen prouction
  • thicken/strengthen myometrium during pregnancy
  • changes revert after pregnancy through smooth muscle cell apoptosis, atrophy, and removal of excess collagen
19
Q

what are uterine leiomyomas?

A

fibroids; 1:4 women

-benign smooth muscle tumors in myometrium

20
Q

perimetrium/epimetrium

A
  • serosal where exposed to peritoneal cavity
  • -loose CT, prominent blood vessels, covering of mesothelium
  • -continuous with broad ligament (uterine mesentery)
  • adventitial where not exposed
  • loose CT that blends into surrounding tissues
21
Q

cervical mucosa

A

simple, columnar epithelium of mucous secretory cells

  • long, non-coiled, branching tubular glands with wide lumens
  • produce hormone-dependent consistency mucus that is not shed during menses
22
Q

what are Nabothian cysts?

A

result from occlusion of cervical gland ducts

  • secretory product accumulates in plugged ducts
  • not neoplastic, and usually resolve without intervention
  • also found in endometrium, so not reliable to identify cervix
23
Q

cervical wall and during pregnancy?

A

dense CT with smaller amounts of smooth muscle

-during pregnancy, collagen and elastin fibers rearrange for birth

24
Q

external os

A

protrusion of cervix into superior part of vagina

-transformation zone is junction between cervix (simple, columnar) and vagina (stratified squamous

25
Q

what is the most frequent origin of cervical carcinomas?

A

external os

26
Q

what are Pap smears?

A

cytological examinations of transformation zone scrapings to detect cervical carcinomas

  • normal: squamous cells are uniform size with pyknotic nuclei
  • abnormal: heterogenous and euchromatic nuclei
27
Q

vaginal mucosa

A

statified, squamous, non-keratinized epithelium that accumulate glycogen in response to estrogen (fermented by bacteria to make acidic)

  • frequently infiltrated by lymphocytes and neutrophils
  • lamina propria is well vascularized and rich in elastic fibers (to muscularis), lymphocytes, and neutrophils
  • NO GLANDS
28
Q

vaginal muscular layer

A

smooth muscle fibers in 2 indistinct layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

29
Q

vaginal adventitia

A

elastic CT forms resiliant sheath around muscular layer

30
Q

nipple and areola

A
  • highly pigmented skin that increases at puberty
  • long dermal papillae
  • radial and circumferential smooth muscle fibers in underlying dense, irregular CT allows erection
  • sebaceous, sweat, and modified mammary (Montgomery) glands underlie areola
31
Q

what empties at the nipple surface?

A

termini of lactiferous ducts (ductuli papillares)

32
Q

breast general histology

A
  1. parenchyma - mammary glands (ducts and secretory elements)
    - Montgomery and compound tubuloalveolar glands
  2. stroma - CT surrounding parenchyma
33
Q

what is a breast lobe?

A

largest unit of duct system (15-25 lobes in each breast)

  • drain into lactiferous duct and sinus at nipple
  • fibrous CT and white adipose separate lobes
  • lactiferous ducts subdivide within lobes to form interlobular (extralobular) ducts that end at breast lobules
34
Q

what is a breast lobule?

A

basic structural unit of duct system

  • intralobular ducts, secretory element in loose CT stroma
  • separated by dense irregular CT stroma (interlobular stroma) and adipocytes
35
Q

what is a terminal duct lobular unit? why is it clinically relevant?

A

a breast lobule plus its associated interlobular duct

-most common place where breast cancer arises

36
Q

breast development before puberty

A

for both genders

  • lactiferous sinuses near nipple
  • small, branching ducts
37
Q

breast development during puberty in girls

A

estrogen stimulates adipose and CT accumulation (determine size)
-duct system elongates

38
Q

inactive adult breast

  • parenchyma
  • stroma
  • menstrual cycle changes
A
  1. parenchyma - simple, cuboidal epithelium for ducts, with little/no secretory component
    - myoepithelial cells abundant in duct epithelium and basement membrane
  2. stroma - loose CT within lobules (intralobular stroma)
    - dense irregular CT with adipocytes between lobules (interlobular stroma)
  3. menstrual cycle changes
    - early in cycle: duct lumens reduced
    - ovulation - secretory cells increase in height, make some secretions
39
Q

breast during pregnancy (general)

  • parenchyma
  • stroma
A
  • parenchyma grows due to estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and placental lactogen
  • stroma decreases
  • -plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils infiltrate intralobular stroma
40
Q

first half VS second half pregnancy breast

A
  1. intralobular duct cells proliferate (strongly estrogen-dependent) with mitotic profiles
    - end buds (stratified, cuboidal epithelium) form at duct ends
    - duct cell cytoplasm is basophilic (prepare for PRO)
  2. end buds hollow out to form alveoli (simple cuboidal with myoepithelial cells)
    - fat and PRO droplets accumulate in alveolar epithelium
    - -apocrine snouts appear on alveolar epithelial cell apical surfaces
41
Q

lactating breast

A

milk accumulates in alveoli as basophilic lumen secretions

  • alveolar epithelial cells are prominent basophilic cytoplasm, frequently large pale apical cytoplasmic lipid droplet that produces colostrum/milk
  • -alveoli that actively make milk and those that rest co-exist in same breast
42
Q

colostrum VS milk contents

A

C: higher PRO, vit A, Ab; lower lipid, CHO

milk: merocrine PRO and apocrine lipid

43
Q

where do IgAs in milk come from?

A

made by plasma cells in intralobular stroma for passive immunity

44
Q

breasts in menopause

A

atrophy of breast parenchyma
-alveoli disappear, ducts persist
reduction of stroma
-loss of fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers

Microanatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions