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Microanatomy > Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

major components of blood

A 
Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)
Blood plasma (PRO-rich liquid, electrolytes)
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2
Q

Blood proteins

A

In blood plasma; albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, complement proteins

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3
Q

albumin

A

blood plasma PRO that maintains osmotic pressure of blood and transports water-insoluble substances

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4
Q

globulin

A

blood plasma PRO; usually gamma globulins that are antibodies

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5
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood plasma PRO necessary for blood coagulation via formation of fibrin

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6
Q

complement PRO

A

blood plasma PRO important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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7
Q

hematocrit tube contents

A

Hematocrit (bottom): % of blood volume made of RBCs (41% females, 45% males)
Buffy coat (middle): leukocytes and platelets (1%)
Plasma (top): leftover PRO and electrolytes (>50%)

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8
Q

What does low hematocrit tell you?

A

Anemia

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9
Q

What does high buffy coat value tell you?

A

since more leukocytes/platelets:

  • localized/systemic infection
  • blood malignancy
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10
Q

Erythrocyte size/color

A
  1. 5 to 8 microns in diameter

- deeper pink (eosin) at periphery

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11
Q

fetal RBC

A

do have nuclei, but after birth they are made without nuclei, and the old fetal cells just die out

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12
Q

purpose of RBC biconcave shape

A

provides large SA:V ratio (40% greater surface area than sphere)

  • facilitates gas exchange
  • can change shape to pass thru capillaries
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13
Q

rouleaux

A

aggregate stack of RBCs in small blood vessels

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14
Q

purpose of RBC cytoplasmic viscosity

A

higher intracellular hemoglobin concentration

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15
Q

RBC membrane skeleton

A

influences deformability and stability against shearing
spectrin - creates tracks between the different PRO on skeleton
actin - different from muscle actin; stabilizes some glycoPRO
protein 4.1 - connects spectrin to actin
ankyrin - connects spectrin to band 3 transport PRO

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

about 1/3 of RBC weight, globular chromoprotein

globular PRO that is responsible for cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia of RBC

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17
Q

Sickle cell anemia mutation

A

changes glu –> val in DNA coding for B-chain of adult Hb

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18
Q

HbS

A

hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia

-insoluble at low O2 tension and crystallizes out

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19
Q

RBC of sickle cell anemia

A

inflexibility and reduced life span can lead to anemia (low Hb)

increased blood viscosity can lead to ischemia (reduced blood supply)

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20
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days, removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen, liver, bone marrow

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21
Q

reticulocytes

A

NOT RETICULAR CELLS (those make collagen III)

young RBCs with some rRNA in cytoplasm, stained by brilliant cresyl blue

  • about 1% of circulating RBC, so can be used as rough estimate of rate of erythropoiesis
  • help monitor anemia, bone marrow regeneration, and hematopoetic restoration after therapy
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22
Q

percentages of leukocytes in a normal person

A

neutrophils: 60-70%
euosinophils: 2-4%
basophils: <1%
lymphocytes: 20-30%
monocyte/macrophages: 3-8%

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23
Q

diapedesis

A

used to think was paracellular movement (between cells), but found to be transcellular (through cells)

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24
Q

neutrophils (structure/contents)

A

2-5 lobes of same nucleus, connected by bridges, all heterochromatic

  • no nucleoli
  • salmon pink cytoplasm due to 80% specific granules (small), with few mitochondria, small Golgi, poorly developed RER, few ribosomes, some glycogen
  • 20% azurophilic granules (large, from primary lysosomes)
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25
Q

neutrophil specific granule contents

A

work together for phagocytosis
lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
lactoferrin - binds Fe
alkaline phosphatase, collagenase

26
Q

neutrophil azurophilic granule contents

A

menu of hydrolytic enzymes (from primary lysosomes) to hydrolyze dead bacteria

  • myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin - within microvesicles, have antibacterial activity
  • create cytokines
27
Q

neutrophil respiratory burst

A

uses up O2 to form superoxide anions to kill bacteria

28
Q

neutrophil netosis

A

release of mesh-like structure capable of trapping microbes

29
Q

eosinophil

A

bilobed nucleus with only large specific (eosinophilic) granules w/ crystalline core (w/ major basic PRO)
-same size as neutrophils

30
Q

eosinophil specific granule contents

A

acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, B-glucuronidase, cathespin, phospholipase, RNAase, eosinophilic peroxidase, major basic PRO, histaminase, eosinophil cationic PRO, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

31
Q

eosinophil function

A
  • kill parasitic worm larvae (major basic PRO)
  • phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes (via hydrolytic enzymes)
  • inactive mediators of inflammation (histamine, SRS-A)
  • make lipid mediators of inflammation (leukotrienes)
  • -do one or the other depending on situation
  • produce cytokines (ILs) to promote self-survival, enhance activity, and act on immune system
  • play role in asthma (infiltrate bronchial mucosa for bronchoconstriction, excess mucus secretion, inflammation, and airway remodeling (hyper-responsiveness)
32
Q

basophils

A

less nuclear segmentation, and obscured by azurophilic granules

  • same size as neutrophils
  • lamellar/spherical substructure
33
Q

basophil specific granule contents

A

eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine, peroxidase, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)

34
Q

basophil function

A
  • inflammation (generalized response)
  • immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized/wide spread, mediated by IgE)
  • delayed hypersensitivity reactions (take 12-18 hours to develop, if chemicals or ticks)
35
Q

relationship between basophils and mast cells

A

they are different, but share characteristics

-rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells may occur at the same type (localized or widepsread/anaphylactic shock)

36
Q

relationship between basophils and eosinophils

A

accumulate at same site

37
Q

granular leukocytes

A

have specific cytoplasmic granules, and sometimes azurophilic granules
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

38
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

lack specific cytoplasmic granules, but may have others

-lymphocytes, monocytes

39
Q

lymphocyte sizes

A

small, large agranular, large granular (natural killers)

40
Q

small/medium lymphocytes

A

the same size as RBC

  • round heterochromatic nucleus
  • pale blue cytoplasm
  • most frequent size class in peripheral blood
41
Q

large agranular lymphocytes

A

larger than RBC

  • larger, less heterochromatic nucleus
  • cytoplasm has more organelles
  • have been activated by specific antigens
42
Q

large granular lymphocytes

A

Natural Killer cells - have large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules
5-10% circulating lymphocytes
-no B/T cell surface molecules

43
Q

3 functional classes of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Null cells (NK cells)

44
Q

B lymphocytes

A

10-15% of circulating lymphocytes

  • Ag receptors are Igs
  • differentiate into plasma cells (via mitosis) to make Ab (humoral immunity), or memory cells (adaptive immunity)
45
Q

T lymphocytes

A

70-80% of circulating lymphocytes

  • receptors are not Igs, but require APCs to activate
  • activated T cells differentiate into CD8, CD4, or regulator T cells
46
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cells

-involved in cell mediated immunity via perforin (lyse target cells) and granzymes (induce apoptosis)

47
Q

CD4

A

helper T cells

48
Q

regulator T cells

A

suppress response of other leukocytes to foreign antigens and self antigens (if autoimmune)
-may block antitumor responses of CD8

49
Q

functions of natural killer cells

A

killing of virus-infected cells or malignant cells (without prior sensitization)
produce cytokines (like IFN-y) to influence host’s immune response
-T-cell polarization, maturation of dendritic cells

50
Q

monocyte

A

largest leukocyte with variably shaped nuclei (more euchromatic)

  • abundant cytoplasm w/ full complement of organelles, small azurophilic granules, vacuoles
  • nucleolus present
51
Q

lifespan of monocyte

A

circulate for about 3 days, leave blood, and transform into histiocytes

52
Q

monocyte functions

A
  • phagocytosis of bacteria/tissue debris
  • Ag presentation
  • fusion to form osteoclasts
  • formation of giant cells if chronic inflammation
  • produce cytokines for hematopoisis regulation
  • immune surveillance of endothelial cells (patrolling)
53
Q

platelets

A

small, non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments

  • made by megakaryocytes, so has functional mRNAs
  • usually 250,000/ul, and live for 10 days before apoptosis
54
Q

functions of blood platelets

A
  • seal off breaks in blood vessels
  • role in blood coagulation (provide surface and make factors 8/9)
  • maintain competence (integrity) of endothelium
  • may be related to arthritis, and inhibition of angiogenesis
55
Q

non-PRO plasma components

A 
electrolytes
N-substances (urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts)
nutrients (GLU, lipids, AA)
blood gases (O2, CO2, N2)
regulatory substances (hormones/enzymes)
56
Q

HbA1

A

major form of Hb in adults (95%)

-2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains

57
Q

HbA2

A

minor form of Hb in adults (5%)

-2 alpha chains + 2 delta chains

58
Q

HbF

A

made in intrauterine period

-2 alpha chains + 2 gamma chains

59
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

RBC carrying O2 from pulmonary alveoli to tissues

60
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

RBC carrying CO2 from tissues to pulmonary alveoli

61
Q

neutrophil functions

A
  • main function is phagocytosis and bacterial killing via cell motility and chemotaxis
  • specific granules fuse with phagosome, so lysozome/lactoferrin can kill bacterium
  • azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome to make secondary lysosome, so enzymes hydrolyze dead bacterium

Microanatomy (14 decks)

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