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Microanatomy > Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

major components of blood

A 
Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)
Blood plasma (PRO-rich liquid, electrolytes)
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2
Q

Blood proteins

A

In blood plasma; albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, complement proteins

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3
Q

albumin

A

blood plasma PRO that maintains osmotic pressure of blood and transports water-insoluble substances

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4
Q

globulin

A

blood plasma PRO; usually gamma globulins that are antibodies

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5
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood plasma PRO necessary for blood coagulation via formation of fibrin

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6
Q

complement PRO

A

blood plasma PRO important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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7
Q

hematocrit tube contents

A

Hematocrit (bottom): % of blood volume made of RBCs (41% females, 45% males)
Buffy coat (middle): leukocytes and platelets (1%)
Plasma (top): leftover PRO and electrolytes (>50%)

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8
Q

What does low hematocrit tell you?

A

Anemia

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9
Q

What does high buffy coat value tell you?

A

since more leukocytes/platelets:

  • localized/systemic infection
  • blood malignancy
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10
Q

Erythrocyte size/color

A
  1. 5 to 8 microns in diameter

- deeper pink (eosin) at periphery

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11
Q

fetal RBC

A

do have nuclei, but after birth they are made without nuclei, and the old fetal cells just die out

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12
Q

purpose of RBC biconcave shape

A

provides large SA:V ratio (40% greater surface area than sphere)

  • facilitates gas exchange
  • can change shape to pass thru capillaries
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13
Q

rouleaux

A

aggregate stack of RBCs in small blood vessels

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14
Q

purpose of RBC cytoplasmic viscosity

A

higher intracellular hemoglobin concentration

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15
Q

RBC membrane skeleton

A

influences deformability and stability against shearing
spectrin - creates tracks between the different PRO on skeleton
actin - different from muscle actin; stabilizes some glycoPRO
protein 4.1 - connects spectrin to actin
ankyrin - connects spectrin to band 3 transport PRO

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

about 1/3 of RBC weight, globular chromoprotein

globular PRO that is responsible for cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia of RBC

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17
Q

Sickle cell anemia mutation

A

changes glu –> val in DNA coding for B-chain of adult Hb

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18
Q

HbS

A

hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia

-insoluble at low O2 tension and crystallizes out

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19
Q

RBC of sickle cell anemia

A

inflexibility and reduced life span can lead to anemia (low Hb)

increased blood viscosity can lead to ischemia (reduced blood supply)

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20
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days, removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen, liver, bone marrow

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21
Q

reticulocytes

A

NOT RETICULAR CELLS (those make collagen III)

young RBCs with some rRNA in cytoplasm, stained by brilliant cresyl blue

  • about 1% of circulating RBC, so can be used as rough estimate of rate of erythropoiesis
  • help monitor anemia, bone marrow regeneration, and hematopoetic restoration after therapy
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22
Q

percentages of leukocytes in a normal person

A

neutrophils: 60-70%
euosinophils: 2-4%
basophils: <1%
lymphocytes: 20-30%
monocyte/macrophages: 3-8%

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23
Q

diapedesis

A

used to think was paracellular movement (between cells), but found to be transcellular (through cells)

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24
Q

neutrophils (structure/contents)

A

2-5 lobes of same nucleus, connected by bridges, all heterochromatic

  • no nucleoli
  • salmon pink cytoplasm due to 80% specific granules (small), with few mitochondria, small Golgi, poorly developed RER, few ribosomes, some glycogen
  • 20% azurophilic granules (large, from primary lysosomes)
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25
neutrophil specific granule contents
work together for phagocytosis lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall lactoferrin - binds Fe alkaline phosphatase, collagenase
26
neutrophil azurophilic granule contents
menu of hydrolytic enzymes (from primary lysosomes) to hydrolyze dead bacteria - myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin - within microvesicles, have antibacterial activity - create cytokines
27
neutrophil respiratory burst
uses up O2 to form superoxide anions to kill bacteria
28
neutrophil netosis
release of mesh-like structure capable of trapping microbes
29
eosinophil
bilobed nucleus with only large specific (eosinophilic) granules w/ crystalline core (w/ major basic PRO) -same size as neutrophils
30
eosinophil specific granule contents
acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, B-glucuronidase, cathespin, phospholipase, RNAase, eosinophilic peroxidase, major basic PRO, histaminase, eosinophil cationic PRO, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
31
eosinophil function
- kill parasitic worm larvae (major basic PRO) - phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes (via hydrolytic enzymes) - inactive mediators of inflammation (histamine, SRS-A) - make lipid mediators of inflammation (leukotrienes) - -do one or the other depending on situation - produce cytokines (ILs) to promote self-survival, enhance activity, and act on immune system - play role in asthma (infiltrate bronchial mucosa for bronchoconstriction, excess mucus secretion, inflammation, and airway remodeling (hyper-responsiveness)
32
basophils
less nuclear segmentation, and obscured by azurophilic granules - same size as neutrophils - lamellar/spherical substructure
33
basophil specific granule contents
eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine, peroxidase, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
34
basophil function
- inflammation (generalized response) - immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized/wide spread, mediated by IgE) - delayed hypersensitivity reactions (take 12-18 hours to develop, if chemicals or ticks)
35
relationship between basophils and mast cells
they are different, but share characteristics | -rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells may occur at the same type (localized or widepsread/anaphylactic shock)
36
relationship between basophils and eosinophils
accumulate at same site
37
granular leukocytes
have specific cytoplasmic granules, and sometimes azurophilic granules -neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
38
agranular leukocytes
lack specific cytoplasmic granules, but may have others | -lymphocytes, monocytes
39
lymphocyte sizes
small, large agranular, large granular (natural killers)
40
small/medium lymphocytes
the same size as RBC - round heterochromatic nucleus - pale blue cytoplasm - most frequent size class in peripheral blood
41
large agranular lymphocytes
larger than RBC - larger, less heterochromatic nucleus - cytoplasm has more organelles - have been activated by specific antigens
42
large granular lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells - have large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules 5-10% circulating lymphocytes -no B/T cell surface molecules
43
3 functional classes of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Null cells (NK cells)
44
B lymphocytes
10-15% of circulating lymphocytes - Ag receptors are Igs - differentiate into plasma cells (via mitosis) to make Ab (humoral immunity), or memory cells (adaptive immunity)
45
T lymphocytes
70-80% of circulating lymphocytes - receptors are not Igs, but require APCs to activate - activated T cells differentiate into CD8, CD4, or regulator T cells
46
CD8
cytotoxic T cells | -involved in cell mediated immunity via perforin (lyse target cells) and granzymes (induce apoptosis)
47
CD4
helper T cells
48
regulator T cells
suppress response of other leukocytes to foreign antigens and self antigens (if autoimmune) -may block antitumor responses of CD8
49
functions of natural killer cells
killing of virus-infected cells or malignant cells (without prior sensitization) produce cytokines (like IFN-y) to influence host's immune response -T-cell polarization, maturation of dendritic cells
50
monocyte
largest leukocyte with variably shaped nuclei (more euchromatic) - abundant cytoplasm w/ full complement of organelles, small azurophilic granules, vacuoles - nucleolus present
51
lifespan of monocyte
circulate for about 3 days, leave blood, and transform into histiocytes
52
monocyte functions
- phagocytosis of bacteria/tissue debris - Ag presentation - fusion to form osteoclasts - formation of giant cells if chronic inflammation - produce cytokines for hematopoisis regulation - immune surveillance of endothelial cells (patrolling)
53
platelets
small, non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments - made by megakaryocytes, so has functional mRNAs - usually 250,000/ul, and live for 10 days before apoptosis
54
functions of blood platelets
- seal off breaks in blood vessels - role in blood coagulation (provide surface and make factors 8/9) - maintain competence (integrity) of endothelium - may be related to arthritis, and inhibition of angiogenesis
55
non-PRO plasma components
``` electrolytes N-substances (urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts) nutrients (GLU, lipids, AA) blood gases (O2, CO2, N2) regulatory substances (hormones/enzymes) ```
56
HbA1
major form of Hb in adults (95%) | -2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains
57
HbA2
minor form of Hb in adults (5%) | -2 alpha chains + 2 delta chains
58
HbF
made in intrauterine period | -2 alpha chains + 2 gamma chains
59
oxyhemoglobin
RBC carrying O2 from pulmonary alveoli to tissues
60
carbaminohemoglobin
RBC carrying CO2 from tissues to pulmonary alveoli
61
neutrophil functions
- main function is phagocytosis and bacterial killing via cell motility and chemotaxis - specific granules fuse with phagosome, so lysozome/lactoferrin can kill bacterium - azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome to make secondary lysosome, so enzymes hydrolyze dead bacterium

Microanatomy (14 decks)

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