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AP Psych- Units 1-7 > Unit 7- Cognition (8-10%) > Flashcards

Unit 7- Cognition (8-10%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Belief perseverance

A

The tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contradicting evidence

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2
Q

Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, feeling or thought

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3
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements

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4
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

A vivid, enduring memory when one learns about a surprising or shocking event

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5
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

A phenomenon that occurs when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information

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6
Q

Proactive Interference

A

(Forward acting) when previous information learned disrupts your recall of something you experience later

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7
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Ebbinghaus focused on how fast we forget and how much we forget. He created a forgetting curve that is know as Ebbinghaus curve. This showed that knowledge fades quickly and than levels out.

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8
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

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9
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

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10
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

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11
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

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12
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system- for example, extracting meaning.

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13
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time.

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14
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrast with step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

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15
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meaning.

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16
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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17
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

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18
Q

One-word Stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

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19
Q

Two-word Stage

A

Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements.

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20
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs.

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21
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

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22
Q

Babbling Stage

A

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household sounds.

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23
Q

Spacing effect

A

We retain information better when our rehearsal is distributed over time

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24
Q

Testing effect

A

Helps to rehearse the material and figure out what you do not know

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25
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only iden- tify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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26
Q

Recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve in- formation learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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27
Q

Rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of information, either to main- tain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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28
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

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29
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category.

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30
Q

Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

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31
Q

Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

32
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

33
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

34
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category.

35
Q

Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

36
Q

Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

37
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

38
Q

Phonemes

A

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

39
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

40
Q

Visual encoding

A

The encoding of pictures and images

41
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

42
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those tech- niques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

43
Q

Semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

44
Q

Serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

45
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory in- formation in the memory system.

46
Q

Iconic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

47
Q

Echoic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of auditory stim- uli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

48
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a par- ticular stimulus.

49
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)

50
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Argues that we are born with language acquisition device that biologically prepares us to learn language and equips us with universal grammar

51
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from concours es anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

52
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

53
Q

State-dependent learning

A

When it is more easily recalled when you are in the same state as you were when it happened

54
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

55
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

the loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.

56
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

57
Q

Short-term(working) memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

58
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

59
Q

Long-term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

60
Q

Episodic memory

A

Involves remembering episodes and memories that have happened in your life

61
Q

Semantic memory

A

The general world knowledge that we have accumulated over life

62
Q

Retrieval

A

Later getting information back out of our brain

63
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct: to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

64
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

65
Q

Syntax

A

The rules of combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

66
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

67
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

flashbulb memory is a vivid, enduring memory for how one learned about a surprising, shocking event. It thus involves memory for the source of event information, as opposed to memory for the event itself.

68
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

I’m having a retrieval error, I know this definition but I can’t quite think of it.

69
Q

Eidetic memory

A

an ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory after only a few instances of exposure, with high precision for some time after exposure, without using mnemonics.

70
Q

Procedural memory

A

part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. Procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike

71
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

72
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection

73
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”

74
Q

Prospective Memory

A

a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or intention at some future point in time.

75
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

76
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

the ability to give the “correct” answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence

AP Psych- Units 1-7 (7 decks)

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