Unit 5- States of Consciousness (2-4%) Flashcards
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According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
Activation-synthesis theory
Neural activity is random, and dreams are our brains trying to understand it.
Sleepwalking
Performing motor acts while sleeping and then not remembering when you awaken. Happens during deep sleep (NREM stage 3)
REM Rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
Hypnosis
An artificially induced trance state resembling sleep.
Psychoanalytic dream theory
the process of explaining the meaning of the way the unconscious thoughts and emotions are processed in the mind during sleep.
Manifest Content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its hidden or latent content)
Circadian Rhythms
Biological clock, regular body rhythms
Sleep
Periodic, natural loss of consciousness. Not the same as unconsciousness in coma or hibernation.
Effects of sleep deprivation
Hunger High stress Less productivity More mistakes Irritability Fatigue
REM Sleep
Dream sleep (vivid dreams)
Rapid eye movement sleep
Muscles are relaxed while other body systems are active
NREM Sleep
Non rapid eye movement sleep
Encompasses all stages of sleep except REM (Stages 1-4)
Consciousness
Awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Examples: States of Consciesness
Sleep, wake, altered states (drugs, daydreaming, hypnosis)
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
A machine that records rapid eye movement and brain wave patterns. It’s used to study sleep patterns.
Hypnagogic State
Occurs in stage 1 of sleep. It’s when your body may suddenly jerk or when your floating weightlessly. These sensations may later be converted into memories.
Stage 2 Sleep
Sleep spindles appear and you start to relax more deeply during this stage.
NREM Stage 3 Sleep
Your brain emits large, slow delta waves. You are hard to awaken during this stage. Bed wetting and sleep walking are most likely to occur in this stage.
Dreams
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
Night Terrors
Typically experienced by children during deep sleep, these bouts of terror, anxiety, sweating, and panic are often not remembered the next day.
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Delta Waves
Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The suffer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Obesity is a risk factor.
Alpha Waves
The relatively slow brain waves of being relaxed but awake state.
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to release negative emotions.
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Examples of Depressant Drugs
Alcohol, Opiates, Barbiturates
Alcohol
A depressant drug, calms neural activity and slows body functions.
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Caffeine
A stimulant drug, the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive substance.
Amphetamine
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Lucid Dreaming
The ability to be aware of and direct dreams.
Posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
Dissociation
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Meditation
A spiritual practice and a form of alternative medicine that aims to provide physical relaxation and mental clarity
Psychoactive drugs
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the use to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical dependence
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Cocaine
Central nervous system stimulant that depletes the brain of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Nicotine
Highly addictive, mild stimulant found in tobacco.
Narcotics
Examples include codeine and morphine which are most often prescribed for pain relief. Also called Opiates or Opioids.
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives. Depress neural functioning and cause pain relief and anxiety relief. Highly addictive. Also known as Narcotics.
Hallucinogens
Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory experiences in the absence of sensory input. LSD and marijuana fall under this category.
LSD
A powerful hallucinogen that can cause vivid hallucinations
