Unit 1- History and Approaches (2-4%) Flashcards
Psychometrics
Field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement ex: objective measurement of skills, knowledge, abilities
Rehabilitation Psychologists
focus on treating individuals dealing with disabilities and problems that make living normal lives difficult
School Psychologists
Someone who uses applied behavior analysis to meet children’s and adolescent’s behavioral health and learning needs in a collaborative manner with educators and parents
Social Pyschologist
Someone who studies people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
Sports Psychologists
Someone who studies how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sports and exercise affect psychological and physical factors
Psychiatry
Medical field of psychology that treats psychological disorders often with prescription medication
Personality Psychologists
Person who studies personality and it’s variation among individuals
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.
Charles Darwin
Founded the evolutionary process of natural selection
Cognitive psychology
Study of how we think
Jean Piaget
Developmental psychologist who pioneered theories of cognitive development of children
Cognition
How we think
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Carl Rogers
Pioneered Humanistic Psychology
Counseling Psychologists
help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning.
Developmental Psychologists
study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
Forensic Psychologists
apply psychological principles to legal issues. They conduct research on the interface of law and psychology, help to create public policies related to mental health, help law enforcement agencies in criminal investigations, or assist in forensic consultation involving jury selection and deliberation research.
Industrial/Organizational Psychologists
use psychology’s concepts and methods in the workplace to help organiza- tions and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems.
Neuropsychologists
investigate the relationship between neurological pro- cesses (structure and function of the brain) and behavior.
Sociocultural Approach
Focus on the contributions of other people and culture, learn through social interactions
Clinical Psychologists
assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes.
Introspection
The examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes
Dualism
The mind and body are separate, the mind can continue without the body
Monism
The mind and body are connected/ the brain is the mind
Plato and Descartes
Believed in Dualism and that knowledge was innate
Aristotle and Locke
Believe we gain knowledge through experience/ Locke coined “tablula rasa” or blank slate
Structuralism
school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
Functionalism
school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function
Empiricism
The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
Nature-nurture issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Edward Titchener
Used introspection to search for the minds structural elements
Margaret Floy Washburn
The first women to receive a psychology PhD., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind
Mary Calkins
Mentored by William James. Became a pioneering memory researcher and the first women to be president of the American Psychological Association
G. Stanley Hall
First president of the APA
William James
A functionalist; considered the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; he admitted Mary Calkins into his seminar
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Ivan Pavlov
The study of conditioning. Famous for dog saliva experiments.
John Watson
Science of behavior; demonstrated conditioned responses with “Little Albert”; conditioned fear
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist; rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior, with animal behaviors (pigeons and rats in skinner boxes)
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Max Wertheimer
Pioneer of the Gestalt field of Psychology
Humanism
Emphasis on the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
Psychoanalysis
A set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Sigmund Freud
Repression
The psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory.
Sigmund Freud
Developed the influential psychoanalytic theory of personality. Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought process affect our behavior.
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological needs
Behavioral Genetics
The field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on animal (including human) behavior.
Free Will
The human ability to act freely, a focus of humanism. Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism minimized the emphasis on human free will.
