Unit 7 Flashcards
Temporal Locus is to Latency, as Temporal Extent is to_____
Duration
What type of measurement?
-You time how long I scratch my head.
A. Continuous
B. Discontinuous
A. Continous
Fundamental Property: Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Latency
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Latency
Measurement: Time
Fundamental Property: Temporal Extent
Dimensional Quantity: Duration
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Temporal Extent
Dimensional Quantity: Duration
Measurement: Time
Fundamental Property: Repeatability
Dimensional Quantity: Countability
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Repeatability
Dimensional Quantity: Countability
Measurement: # of responses
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: IRT (Inter-response Time)
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: IRT (Inter-response Time)
Measurement: Time/# of responses
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Rate
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Rate
Measurement: # of responses/Time
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Celeration
Measurement?
Fundamental Property: Repeatability X Temporal Locus
Dimensional Quantity: Celeration
Measurement: Change in rate/Time OR # of responses/Time/Time
IRT can be estimated because the formula is the inverse of the __ formula
IRT can be estimated because the formula is the inverse of the RATE formula.
Estimating IRTs formula:
Estimating IRTs formula:
Recording Interval/Count
*remember 60 minutes=1 hour
3600 seconds=1 hour
Rate Formula?
Responses/Time
What are some examples of discontinuous measures:
- PLACHECK
- Trials to Criterion
- Whole Interval Recording
Which of the following is the best measure to use?
-Aggression that occurs about every other day for brief periods of time.
IRT recording
Which of the following is the best measure to use?
-I want to measure how many children in a group are working on math sheets.
PLACHECK
Which of the following is the best measure to use?d
-Low frequency, long duration self-injury.
Whole Interval Recording
Which of the following is the best target for a permanent product? A. screaming while in a movie theater B. customer greeting C. head slaps D. Math problems completed correctly
D. Math problems completed correctly
Total Count Interobserver Agreement Formula?
(Smaller/Larger) X 100
Percent Agreement Interobserver Agreement Formula?
(Agreements/Agreements+Disagreements) X 100
Interval-by-Interval Interobserver Agreement Formula?
(Number of intervals agreed/(number of interval agreed + number of intervals disagreed)) X 100
Data=plural
Datum=Singular
When do we place Multiple Targets on One Graph?
- targets are related (co-occur)
- if all accel or decel targets (assuming similar scales)
- if all scaled approximately the same (or use dual axes)
Tracking two targets on one graph is easiest if they:
-occur at about the same rate
Tracking targets that occur together:
Must be assessed in each case
Multiple dimensions on a single graph are beneficial if:
- dimensions scaled approximately equally (or use multiple axes)
- data paths are sufficiently separate to allow visual analysis
Byron Wine’s Definition of restrictive procedures
“A procedure designed to decelerate behavior or protect clients that temporarily limits movement or access to reinforcers”
- procedures designed to keep individuals safe (aggression, SIB, property destruction)
- must always be tracked
- may protect individuals (and have other effects as well)
Definition of Emergency Procedures:
“a procedure that is used to protect a client should he/she engage in behavior that is dangerous to self or others, has the potential to cause significant property damage, or expose the client to legal consequences”
The use of restrictives
should be graphed with target behavior if possible
When an emergency procedure occurs:
- assess if medical treatment is necessary
- inform required parties
- assess the data around the incident
Why is monitoring staff implementation important?
- acquisition: provides information on teaching procedures
- deceleration: provides information on effectiveness and proper implementation
Graphing staff behavior with restrictive data is important because it:
-demonstrates patterns of restrictive use
High staff compliance with a treatment to decrease SIB along with high use of restrictive procedures may indicate
- misuse of restrictives
- an ineffective treatment
- an error in the assessment process
Cumulative records can be interpreted ______ and ____ sessions
Cumulative records can be interpreted WITHIN and ACROSS sessions
4 Trials-to-Criterion Steps
- Determine what one trial will be
- Decide how to report (number of trials or number of block trials)
- Record count as the measure (if using block it would be number of trials before one can complete all of the steps in the block)
- present data
The first step in using trials-to-criterion:
-decide what a trial will consist of
Which can be used in trials-to-criterion besides a simple count?
duration
Discrete Categorization (coding) definition
- a method for classifying responses into discrete categories
- expressed as percentage of responses for each code
- similar to frequency, but most often used when several different behaviors occur and there is a limited number of opportunities to observe
Which of the following is the best target for discrete categorization? A. Duration of self-injury B. Answers correct on a math worksheet C. Instances of air swallowing D. Non-compliance
A. Duration of self-injury
Which of the following is the best target for discrete categorization?
A. Occurrences of self-injury
B. If property destruction results in damage
C. Duration of academic engagement over a week
B if property destruction results in damage
Define Probability
-a method of quantifying the chances of obtaining a specific sample from a population
-Formula: Sample/population
Sample= number of items meeting definition
Population=total number of items
-expressed from 0-1
Define Percent:
- number of times an event occurred per 100 opportunities that the event could have occurred (ABA generally looks at correct answer percentage or number of intervals percentage)
- Cooper, Heron, Heward (2007) do not recommend calculating percentages with less than 30 opportunities
Probability is best used for?
-precursors that occasion aggression
Descriptive Statistics definition
- may be used for interpretation, but also describe properties of samples
- used with groups or with repeated measures of an individual
- complement visual analysis-often used by behavior analysts for level and IOA
Descriptive Statistics:
Mean Median Mode Range Standard Deviation Effect Size
When calculating the median:
use with data that contain extreme values
Which of the following is the best target to report the median?
salaries in company
Pareto Principle?
80-20 rule
“in business it is often acknowledged that 80% of revenue comes from 20% of customers”
-for example, where do 80% of your client referrals will come from?
If the Pareto Principle held perfectly true, then if a behavior analyst had 10 clients who engaged in aggression, __ would be responsible for 80% of aggression in a given period of time
2
The main reason that the Pareto Principle is of interest to behavior analysts is?
-it holds true across many scenarios
Archival Data (non-experimental method)
-archival data comes from searching the ‘archives’ for data that have been recorded in the past
We use them to:
- rule-out treatment
- obtain baseline data
- obtain comparison baselines
Survey Data
- participants are asked to respond to a set of open- or closed-ended questions
- anon info from large numbers of people
Observational Studies?
-relationships between variables are observed and recorded as they occur naturally
If I wanted to select a treatment that most of my colleagues have used for a specific situation, I could implement ___ to gather data
-survey
I want to analyze what current variables influence seizure activity in one of my clients. I might implement a ___ to assess this.
-Observational study
Variability
-refers to the extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another
(stability and variability are opposites)
SPC
SPC stands for Statistical Process Control
Statistical Process Control (SPC) definition?
- a method of assessing the variability in a process by using statistical methods
- construct charts
- apply a set of decision rules to on-going data
- only intervene when there is “special cause variation”
- these procedures aid, but do NOT replace, visual inspection
Run tests are used to?
-detect variation due to special cause variation
According to SPC (Statistical Process Control):
-some variation is normal
SPC (Statistical Process Control) Uses:
- baseline stability
- was the intervention successful
- monitor interventions in real time
SPC (Statistical Process Control) may be used by behavior analysts:
in addition to visual inspection
The baic uses of SPC for behavior analysts include?
All of the following:
- analyzing baseline data
- monitoring of post-intervention data
- analyzing unusual events
Using SPC techniques along with visual analyses, if the instances of aggression fall above ___ standard deviations, then special causes are likely in-place?
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