Unit 7

Question 1

The caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdala; a system of cerebral nuclei that modulates and coordinates motor activity particularly distal limb activity, through its participation in a circuit that conducts signals from the primary motor cortex back to the primary motor cortex via the thalamus

Answer 1

Basal Ganglia

Question 2

The large convoluted structure dorsal to the pons; it is thought to modulate and coordinate motor activity, particularly balance and postural adjustment

Answer 2

Cerebellum

Question 3

Two areas of secondary motor cortex in the cingulate gyrus of each hemisphere

Answer 3

Cingulate Motor Areas

Question 4

The motor tracts that are composed of axons that descend form each primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral red nucleus that decussate and then descend in the contralateral dorsolateral spinal cord; they control the muscles of the distal limbs

Answer 4

Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tracts

Question 5

The motor tracts whose axons descend from each primary motor cortex in the contralateral dorsolateral spinal cord; they control the muscles of the distal limbs

Answer 5

Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tracts

Question 6

An area of association cortex in the frontal lobe that seems to play a role in providing a mental image of objects to which a person is going to respond and initiating voluntary responses

Answer 6

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Question 7

The bundles of axons descending from, and ascending to, the cerebral cortex that funnel through a channel bounded by the globes pallid us and putamen on one side and the caudate and thalamus on the other

Answer 7

Internal Capsules

Question 8

The somatotopic map of primary motor cortex; the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere exerts most of its control over the contralateral side of the body

Answer 8

Motor Homunculus

Question 9

The dopaminergic tract from the substantia nigra to the striatum

Answer 9

Nigrostriatal Pathway

Question 10

The area of secondary motor cortex that is located in the ventral frontal lobe just anterior to the precentral gyrus; in addition to its input from posterior parietal cortex, it receives input from visual cortex

Answer 10

Premotor Cortex

Question 11

The major point of departure for motor fibers descending from the cortex to lower levels of the sensorimotor system; it is located in the precentral gyrus of each hemisphere, and it receives major input from secondary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

Answer 11

Primary motor cortex

Question 12

The 2 bulges on the ventral surface of the medulla, one on the left and one on the right, which are created by the axons of the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

Answer 12

Pyramids

Question 13

Midbrain nuclei of the descending dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract

Answer 13

Red Nuclei

Question 14

Areas of the cortex whose major output is to primary motor cortex; the supplementary motor area, the premotor cortex, and the 2 areas of cingulate cortex

Answer 14

Secondary Motor Cortex

Question 15

The caudate and putamen; it is the destination of the dopamingeric nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 15

Striatum

Question 16

A midbrain nucleus whose dopaminergic neurons terminate in the striatum; in advanced cases of Parkinson’s disease, they have degenerated

Answer 16

Substantia Nigra

Question 17

The area of secondary motor cortex that is located in the dorsal frontal lobe, just anterior to the precentral gyrus; in addition to its input from the posterior parietal cortex, it receives substantial input from somatosensory cortex

Answer 17

Supplementary Motor Area

Question 18

The motor tracts that are com-posed of axons that descend ipsilaterally from each primary motor cortex to sensorimotor circuits of the brain stem and of axons that descend bilaterally from the brain stem in the ventromedial spinal cord; each axon descending from the motor cortex influences proximal muscles on both sides of the body

Answer 18

Ventromedial Corticobrainstem Spinal Tracts

Question 19

The motor tracts whose axons descend from each primary motor cortex in the ipsilateral ventromedial spinal cord; each axon descending from the motor cortex influences proximal muscles on both sides of the body

Answer 19

Ventromedial Corticospinal Tracts