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AP Psych > UNIT 7 > Flashcards

UNIT 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Instinct theory

A

physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness
(cause us to act)

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2
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

focuses on internal states of tension (like hunger) that motivate us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis

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3
Q

Incentive theory

A

beyond the primary motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal

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4
Q

Arousal theory

A

each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks which varies with the person and the activity

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5
Q

Affiliation motive

A

need to be with others

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6
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform an activity for its own sake

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7
Q

Overjustification effect

A

promising a reward for doing something we already like to do: results in us seeing the reward as the motivation for performing the task. (When the reward is taken away, the behavior tends to disappear)

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8
Q

Social conflict situations

A

involve being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block us from attaining a goal

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9
Q

Approach-approach conflicts

A

situations involving two positive options, only one of which we can have

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10
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

A

situations involving two negative options, one of which we must choose

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11
Q

Approach-avoidance conflicts

A

situations involving whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence or consequences.

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12
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

emotions developed because of their adaptive value

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13
Q

James-Lange theory

A

conscious experience of emotion results from one’s aware- ness of autonomic arousal

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14
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

thalamus sends information to the limbic cerebral cortex simultaneously so that conscious experience of emotion accompanies physiological processes

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15
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion

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16
Q

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

A

we determine an emotion from our physiological arousal and then label that emotion according to our cognitive explanation for the arousal

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17
Q

Cognitive-appraisal theory

A

our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in

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18
Q

Alarm reaction

A

stressor triggers increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

Resistance

A

raised temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration maintained

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20
Q

Type A personalities

A

high achievers, competitive, impatient, multitaskers, who walk, talk, and eat quickly

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21
Q

Type B personalities

A

relaxed and calm in their approach to life.

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22
Q

Idiographic methods

A

personality assessment techniques that look at the individual, (case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations)

23
Q

Nomothetic methods

A

personality assessment techniques such as tests, surveys, and observations that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality

24
Q

Biological approach

A

examines the extent to which heredity determines our personality

25
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud- who emphasized unconscious motivations and conflicts, and the importance of early childhood experiences
(Freuds three levels of the mind)

26
Q

Id (Freud’s three major systems of personality)

A

(in unconscious) contains everything psychological that is inherited and psychic energy that powers all three systems

27
Q

Ego (Freud’s three major systems of personality)

A

(partly conscious, partly unconscious) mediates between instinctual needs and conditions of the environment to maintain our life and ensure that our species lives on

28
Q

Superego (Freud’s three major systems of personality)

A

(partly conscious, partly unconscious) is composed of the conscience that punishes us by making us feel guilty

29
Q

Repression

A

the pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind

30
Q

Regression

A

retreating to an earlier level of development characterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior

31
Q

Rationalization

A

offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior

32
Q

Projection

A

attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others

33
Q

Displacement

A

shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another less threatening person or object.

34
Q

Reaction Formation

A

acting in a manner exactly opposite of our true feelings.

35
Q

Sublimation

A

redirecting unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors

36
Q

Oral stage

A

pleasure from sucking

37
Q

Anal stage

A

pleasure from holding in or letting go of feces

38
Q

phallic stage

A

pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals

39
Q

latency stage

A

suppressed sexuality

40
Q

genital stage

A

adolescent to adulthood

41
Q

archetypes

A

inherited memories or common themes found in all cultures

42
Q

individualism

A

psychological process by which we become an individual

43
Q

humanistic approach

A

Humans are born good and strive for positive personal growth

44
Q

behavioral approach

A

According to Skinner: our history of reinforcement shapes our behavior= which is our personality

45
Q

cognitive and social / social learning approach

A

Cognitive theories human nature is basically neutral and we are shaped by our perceptions of the world.

46
Q

self-efficacy

A

is our belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accom- plish tasks and that we are competent

47
Q

collective efficacy

A

is our perception that with collaborative effort our group will obtain its desired outcome

48
Q

trait theory

A

A trait is a relatively permanent characteristic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior

49
Q

cardinal trait

A

defining characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all of our behavior

50
Q

central trait

A

between 5 and 10 of these shape much of our behavior

51
Q

extroversion

A

measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment

52
Q

neuroticism

A

measures our level of instability-how moody, anxious, and unreliable we are as opposed to stability-how calm

53
Q

psychoticism

A

measures our level of tough-mindedness-how hostile, ruthless, and insensitive we are-as opposed to tender-mindedness-how friendly, empathetic, and cooperative we are

54
Q

self- concept

A

our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality

AP Psych (5 decks)

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