Unit 7 Flashcards
Define Phenotype (2)
- Expression of genetic constitution of an organism
- And its interaction with the enviroment
Define Genotype (1)
- The genetic constitution of an organism
If a gene is sex-linked on the X chromosome, why is the phenotype more common in XY organisms? (2)
- Males have one allele
- Females need two recessive alleles
Mutation is one cause of genetic variation in
organisms.
Give two other causes of genetic variation.(2
- Crossing over
- Independent segregation
- Causes random fertilisation
In genetic crosses, the observed phenotypic ratios obtained in the offspring are often not the same as the expected ratios.
Suggest two reasons why. (2)
- Small sample size
- Fusion of gametes is random
- Linked Genes
- Epistasis
- Lethal Genotypes
Name the relationship between two alleles when both alleles appear in the phenotype (1)
Co-Dominance
Name the relationship between the two alleles when both alleles appear in the phenotype (1)
Epistasis
Explain what it means when two genes are linked (1)
On the Same chromosome
Which statistical test could the scientist use to
determine whether his observed results were
significantly different from the expected results?
Give the reason for your choice of statistical test.
(2)
- Chi Squared Test
- Categorical Test
Define Gene Pool (1)
All alleles in a population
Define species (1)
Organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring
The conditions under which the
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
applies (5)
- No mutations
- Random mating
- Large Population
- Isolated Population
- No selection pressure
What are the two equations used in the Hardy-Weinberg equation? (2)
- P + Q = 2
- P2 + Q2 = 2PQ = 1
Describe Allopatric Speciation (5)
- Geographical Isolation
- Reproductive separation
- Different selection pressures
- Variation due to mutations
- Different alleles passed on
- Eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Why does speciation take a long time? (3)
- Initially few animals with favourable allele
- Individuals with allele will have more offspring
- Takes many generations for favourable mutation to become the most common allele