unit 7 Flashcards
_____ is our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life.
self-efficacy.
All of the following are sources of info about efficacy except:
a. performance attainment
b. future achievements
c. vicarious experiences
d. verbal persuasion
b. future achievements
people high in self-efficacy:
a. have more rigid superegos than persons low in self-efficacy.
b. tend to be introverted loners.
c. self-confident, but give up quickly.
d. believe they deal effectively with life events.
d. deal effectively with life events.
Bandura criticized Skinner for his
emphasis on individual animal subjects.
Bandura criticized Skinner’s emphasis on individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another. He argued that we cannot expect data from experiments that involve no social interaction to be relevant to the everyday, real world, because very few people live in social isolation.
research on self-efficacy shows that it:
a. is unrelated to physical apperance
b. decreases w/ age until maturity.
c. differs as a function of gender & age.
d. is higher in women than men.
c. differs as a function of gender & age.
Self-efficacy differs as a function of gender and age. On the average, men score higher than women in self-efficacy. These gender differences peak during the 20s and then decline in later years.
incentive & motivational processes:
a. affect the performance of an observed behavior but not attentional or retention processes.
b. affection attentional & retention processes but not the performance of the desired behavior.
c. are mandatory for observational learning to occur and the learned behavior to be replicated.
d. influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
d. influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
When incentives are available, observation is more quickly translated into action. Incentives also influence the attentional and retention processes. We may not pay as much attention without an incentive to do so, and when less attention is paid, there is less to retain.
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of:
modeling.
Bandura believed reinforcement:
a. is less important than physiological drives
b. is more important than the perception of the reinforcement
c. causes abnormal behavior, rather than normal behavior
d. can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.
d. can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.
Rather than experiencing reinforcement ourselves for each of our actions, we learn through vicarious reinforcement by observing the behavior of other people and the consequences of that behavior. This focus on learning by observation or example, rather than always by direct reinforcement, is a distinctive feature of Bandura’s theory.
all of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except:
a. providing realistic verbal persuasion.
b. arranging reachable goals to expose people to success experiences.
c. increasing the level of physiological and emotional arousal.
d. enhancing vicarious success experiences.
c. increasing the level of physiological and emotional arousal.
The more calm and composed we feel, the greater our self-efficacy. The higher our level of physiological and emotional arousal, the lower our self-efficacy.
Bandura’s approach to behavior modification is based on the belief that:
socially undesirable or abnormal behaviors are learned.
a child is more likely to model its behavior after
a. all
b. person of opposite sex
c. person rather than cartoon character
d. person who is very different.
c. person > cartoon character.
Bandura differs from Skinner on all the following points EXCEPT:
a. in the study of human subjects in interaction with others.
b. in the study of observational learning.
c. in emphasizing learning as a function of reinforcement.
d. in emphasizing learning without directly experiencing reinforcement.
c. in emphasizing learning as a function of reinforcement.
Although Bandura agreed with Skinner that much learning takes place as a result of reinforcement, he also stressed that virtually all forms of behavior can be learned without directly experiencing any reinforcement. Bandura’s approach is also called observational learning, indicating the importance in the learning process of observing other people’s behavior.
According to Bandura’s approach to psychology:
a. animals are studied during mutual interaction
b. each person is unique as defined by their traits
c. internal variables and processes are negligible
d. learning can occur without reinforcement.
d. learning can occur without reinforcement.
in modeling & observational learning, reinforcement:
a. must be self-administered.
b. isn’t always required for learning to occur.
c. is required for learning to occur.
d. must only occur vicariously.
b. isn’t always required for learning to occur.
While it can facilitate learning, it’s not always required.
Bandura didn’t attempt to deal with:
a. modifying learned behaviors
b. fears/phobias which restrict daily life
c. behaviors/symptoms
d. underlying unconscious conflicts.
d. underlying unconscious conflicts.
in modeling experiments, the degree of modeling increases as the ____
similarity between the model & subject increases.
in production processes, what has been observed & retained is:
a. produced in mind
b. translated into overt behavior
c. assigned a monetary value
d. recreated as rigid memory.
b. translated into overt behavior.
according to Bandura, reinforcement:
a. is experienced vicariously during our observation of a model.
b. needs to be given by another person to be effective.
c. cannot be administered by oneself.
d. is vital to social learning through modeling
a. is experienced vicariously during our observation of a model.
people high in self-efficacy:
a. set higher goals for selves on jobs
b. focus on personal deficiencies & fear of failure.
c. consistently perform poorly @ school.
d. tend to be women over 60.
a. set higher goals for themselves on the job.
all of the following factors affect the extent of modeling EXCEPT:
a. the age and sex of the model and the subject.
b. the similarity between the model and the subject.
c. the status and prestige of the model.
d. the friendship between the model and the subject
d. the friendship between the model and the subject
