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BIOL 373 > UNIT 6b > Flashcards

UNIT 6b Flashcards

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1
Q

GI function regulation has what reflexes?

A
  1. long (integrated in brain)
  2. short (integrated in gut) –> called gut bain sometimes
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2
Q

long reflexes characteristics

A
  • sensory info from GI
  • feedforward reflexes: sight, smell, thought of food, emotion can cause us to stimulate our GI tract
  • efferent always autonomic: increase parasympathetic (excitatory) and decrease sympathetic (inhibitory)
  • dont need to have anything in GI tract
    goal: increase secretion increase motility
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3
Q

small reflexes characteristics

A
  • integrated within gut
  • enteric nervous system (gut brain)
  • submucosal plexus receive signals from lumen, regulate secretion
  • motility regulated by neurons in myenteric plexus
  • have to have something in your GI tract
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4
Q

parallels between enteric system and CNS
ENTERIC SYSTEM:

A
  1. has intrinsic neurons
  2. release neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
  3. integrating centre
  4. has glial support cells
  5. BBB similarity called a difussion barrier but acts exactly same as BBB (blood brain barrier)
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5
Q

GUT PEPTIDES ARE MAJOR ________ PLAYERS

A

REGULATOR PLAYERS

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6
Q

GUT PEPTIDES ARE PRODUCED BY?

A

cells within the lamina propria

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7
Q

travel of peptides

A

can travel paracrine or endocrine (blood)

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8
Q

effects of gut peptides:

A
  • effects motility (altered peristalsis, gastric emptying)
  • effects endocrine & exocrine secretion
  • some peptides act on brain
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9
Q

can gut peptides also be called hormones?

A

yes, they travel endocrine via the blood

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10
Q

GUT peptide endocrine pancreas goals

A

increase inulin
decrease glucagon

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11
Q

GUT peptide endocrine brain goals

A

hunger
satiety

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12
Q

the Duodenum is the beginning of what?

A

small intestine

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13
Q

how did the pancreas know there was an increase in stomach acid as it hits duodenum based on pavlov?

A

pancreas secretion was thought to be controlled by vagus nerve, he says that this was ALL NEURAL

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14
Q

how did the pancreas know there was an increase in stomach acid as it hits duodenum based on Bayliss and starling?

A
  • dissected the nerves
  • put acid in duodenum
  • pancreas secreted bicarb still
    so it NOT neural

hypothesis: blood born signal

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15
Q

what are the gut hormones

A
  1. Gastrin family
  2. Secretin family
  3. Motilin
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16
Q

swallowing reflex

A
  1. tongue pushes food (bolus) against soft plate and back of mouth triggering swallow reflex
  2. breathing inhibited as bolus passes
  3. food moves downward into esophagus and propelled by peristaltic waves

swallowing reflex is integrated in medulla, cranial nerves mediate reflex

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17
Q

regulation of cephalic stage

A
  1. brain perceives food, smell, visually etc
  2. coordinated in medulla
  3. travels in vagus nerve
  4. gets to taregt cells
  5. secretion and motility
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18
Q

regulation gastric phases

A
  1. food reaches stomach
    2 stretching detects peptides and amino acids need digesting
    3 digestion occurs

are local and occur in the stomach
- short reflexes

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19
Q

what are the three functions of the stomach and describe them?

A
  1. storage:
    - receives food and relaxes w/out storage problem can arise (gastric dumping syndrome)
  2. digestion:
    - most important, break down molecules into chyme, secretion of enzymes, acid and hormones.
  3. protection:
    - protects itself from acid and antimicrobial acid
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20
Q

IMPORTANT SLIDE SECRETORY CELLS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

A

IMPORTANT SLIDE SECRETORY CELLS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

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21
Q

Parietal cells make?

A

H+

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22
Q

chief cells make? w/ H+ present

A

pepsin

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23
Q

what are the two major products of the gastric mucosa?

A

-> H+
-> pepsin

24
Q

_______ is a key regulator in being part of cranking up the parietal cells to create H+

25
Q

Intestinal phase jobs:

A
  1. regulate itself by being ready to do its jobs (secretion)
  2. regulates stomach
  3. looks ahead to get downstream products of digestion for whole body level
26
Q

small intestine feedbacks to stomach true of false?

27
Q

small intestine has feedforward system true or false?

28
Q

what are the roles of GIP? acts on _______ breakdown

A

carb breakdown
1. insulin secretion
2. negative feedback to stomach to stop acid secretion and gastric motility

29
Q

fats + proteins need what for creating pancreatic enzyme secretion

30
Q

acid in small in needs what for bicarb secretion and why is this important

A
  1. secretin is needed
  2. important because it neutralizes the pH which is important for the rest of digestion and absorption
31
Q

GLP is also involved in insulin secretion yes or no

32
Q

small intestine has a lot of feedback to _________

33
Q

CCK also causes contraction in gall bladder to release bile into the intestine true or false

34
Q

preventing auto or self digestion: WHAT DOES PANCREAS DO?

A

ZYMOGENS (IN ACTIVE ENZYMES) ARE ACTIVATED TO PROTECT PANCREAS BY ACTIVATING TRYPSINOGEN TO TRYPSIN WHICH ACTIVATES ENZYMES

35
Q

pancreatic enzymes are triggered by?

A
  1. CCK
  2. NEURAL
36
Q

LUMPS ON LARGE INTESTINE ARE CALLED WHAT

37
Q

surface facing lumen is _____ (large intestine)

38
Q

how many sphincter of large intestines

A
  1. internal and external
39
Q

role of large intestine

A
  • remove water
    -formation of feces
    -motility
40
Q

segmental contractions also means

A

swishing back and forth

41
Q

mass movements occurs ______/ times a day

A

3-4 times a day

42
Q

two types of diarrhea

A
  1. osmotic
  2. secretory
43
Q

what is diarrhea

A

imbalance between absorption and secretion

44
Q

______ diarrhea
- undigested lactose, sorbitol, or olestra

A

osmotic diarrhea

45
Q

______ diarrhea
- bacterial toxins increase Cl- secretion
- can cause death
- serious
- ex: cholera
- can lead to sever dehydration
- metabolic acidosis (losing BICARB)
- too much secretion ( from CFTR)

46
Q

what diarrhea can be purposely mimicked?

A

osmotic diarrhea have osmotic laxatives

47
Q

cholera toxin targets what channel and is it regulated

A
  1. CFTR
  2. yes regulated
48
Q

cholera
1. contaminated in _______ (developed countries)
2. contaminated in _______ (developing countries)

A
  1. food
  2. water
49
Q

who is more at risk for cholera?

A
  • people w/ reduced gastric acidity
  • young children
  • immune suppressed individuals
50
Q

need to ingest a lot of bacteria for cholera why?aprox how much

A
  • needs to survive stomach acid
  • aprox: 100 million bacteria
51
Q

cholera toxin interferes with?

A

ability of G alpha subunit to nip off phosphate (GTP) to GDP and shut off cholera stays in GTP meaning that subunits are separated and activated . will keep chloride channel when it should not be.

52
Q

CFTR channel is the mutated channel in

A

cystic fibrosis

53
Q

cystic fibrosis vs cholera

A

cystic fibrosis: under secretion of CL-
cholera: over secretion of CL-

54
Q

cystic fibrosis is common fatal recessive single-gene disorder of ___________

A

europeans descendants

BIOL 373 (6 decks)

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