unit 1 flashcards

Question 1

ECF is inside or outside the cell

Answer 1

outside think of E as in EXIT

Question 2

IUF is inside or outside the cell

Answer 2

inside: think of I as INside

Question 3

what are the three feedback mechanisms and provide a brief description

Answer 3

1. negative feedback: when something increases the other responding factor will decrease
2. feedforward: change has not yet happened but body has anticipated it to happen
3. positive feedback: because one thing increased it caused something else to increase –> NOT HOMEOSTATIC.

Question 4

What is an example if feedforward feedback mechanism

Answer 4

ex) you are a runner at the start line, waiting for the gun to go off to signal the start of the race. you are ready and anticipate that the gun is going to go off at any second. it has not went off yet but your heart is already racing, nerves are kicking in and BP is increasing. these changes were made even tho nothing has happened yet you have just anticipated it.

Question 5

explain the difference between local and reflex response

Answer 5

local: located in one local spot for example your muscle but NOT your whole body
- results in local change/ response
- short

reflex: neural or endocrine
- longer
- throughout the whole body
- usually follows with stimulus –> integrating centre–> response

Question 6

what signal is most responsible for cell communication

Answer 6

chemical signals

Question 7

_________ cells: cells that respond to stimulus

Answer 7

target cells

Question 8

majority of signals that make things work in our body are the ________ _________ ________ __________ that use surface receptors

Answer 8

majority of signals that make things work in our body are the WATER SOLUBLE NON-LIPOPHILLIC that use surface receptors

Question 9

What are the two types of long range cell - cell communication

Answer 9

1. endocrine
2. neural

Question 10

what cell - cell communication is explained in this definition:

• hormone release in blood stream
• receptor needed

Answer 10

endocrine

Question 11

what cell - cell communication is explained in this definition:

• signals sent along axon
• transmits info to next cell

Answer 11

neural

Question 12

length of NEURAL cell- cell communication depends on what

Answer 12

• how long the neurons axon is
• how many neurons are in the chain

Question 13

definition of neuroendocrine

Answer 13

NEURAL + ENDOCRINE

electrical signals travel down neuron (neuro) ; reaches end and is secreted into the blood (endocrine)

Question 14

receptors are proteins that:
1.
2.

Answer 14

1. project to outside the membrane
2. within the cell

receptor proteins can be on plasma membrane or within the cell.

Question 15

true or false?

water soluble = hydrophobic = lipophobic –> surface protein

Answer 15

false,

not hydrophobic it is water soluble so hydrophilic.

Question 16

water insoluble = hydrophobic = lipophillic –> intracellular protein

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what are 2 examples of down stream mechanisms

(dont think this is very important)

Answer 17

• protein kinases
• Ca2
• phosphorylated proteins
• activated Ca 2+ binding proteins

Question 18

what is CHOLERA?

Answer 18

• its an intestinal infection
• comes from contaminated food ( developed countries) and water ( developing countries)
• need alot of this bacteria to cause this infection approx 100 million bacteria for healthy individuals, less is needed for compromised individuals ( young children, immune suppressed, people with reduced gastric acidity

Question 19

what is tonic control?

Answer 19

when one thing increases the other thing does as well.

ex) increase norepinephrine = increase time

–> it supports the other factor

Question 20

what is antagonist control

Answer 20

when one thing decreases the other increases

ex) increase in sympathetic HR neuron = decrease in parasympathetic HR neuron

–> opposites

Question 21

in terms of GPCR (G- PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR) is GTP the active state or does GDP signify the active state and why?

Answer 21

GTP because the alpha and beta y subunits are separated. with GDP they are attached together

Question 22

true or false G alpha subunit turns itself off by hydrolyzing (loosing a phosphate) GTP

Answer 22

true GTP is active state because alpha and beta y subunits are separated. when hydrolysis occurs the phosphate is lost making it no longer GTP but GDP (di-phosphate) (2) –> which = the inactive state as alpha and beta y subunits are attached

Question 23

difference between central and peripheral receptors?

Answer 23

Think of it as CNS and PNS
PNS: part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord
CNS: is made up of the brain and spinal cord:

difference between the two is that central receptors are in or close to the brain and peripheral receptors lie outside the brain

Question 24

3 examples of Central receptors

Answer 24

1. eyes (vision)
2. ears (hearing)
   3 nose (smell)
   4 tongue (taste)

Question 25

3 examples of peripheral receptors

Answer 25

1. chemoreceptor (pH, gasses, chemcial)
2. osmoreceptor (osmolarity)
3. thermoreceptor (temp)
4. baroreceptor (pressure)
5. proprioceptor (body position)
6. mechanoreceptor (pain, vibration, touch)