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AP Phycology > Unit 6 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 6 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

zygote

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3
Q

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

A

embryo

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4
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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5
Q

(literally, “monster makers”) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

A

teratogens

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6
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

A

Fetal Alcohol Symptom

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7
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

A

habituation

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8
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

A

maturation

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9
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

A

cognition

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10
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

A

schema

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11
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

A

assimilation

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12
Q

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

A

accommodation

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13
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

A

sensorimotor stage

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14
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

object permanence

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15
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

A

preoperational stage

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16
Q

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

A

conservation

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17
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

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18
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

A

theory of mind

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19
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

A

concrete operational stage

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20
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

A

formal operational stage

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21
Q

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

A

scaffold

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22
Q

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

A

autism spectrum disorder

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23
Q

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

A

stranger anxiety

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24
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

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25
Q

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

A

critical period

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26
Q

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

A

imprinting

27
Q

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed.

A

strange situation

28
Q

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return.

A

secure attachment

29
Q

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

A

insecure attachment

30
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

temperament

31
Q

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

basic trust

32
Q

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

A

self-concept

33
Q

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

A

sex

34
Q

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman.

A

gender

35
Q

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

A

aggression

36
Q

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing.

A

relational aggression

37
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

A

role

38
Q

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females.

A

gender role

39
Q

our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

A

gender identity

40
Q

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

A

social learning theory

41
Q

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A

gender typing

42
Q

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

A

androgyny

43
Q

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differ from that associated with their birth-designated sex

A

transgender

44
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

A

adolescence

45
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

46
Q

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

A

identity

47
Q

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

A

social identity

48
Q

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.

A

intimacy

49
Q

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

A

emerging adulthood

50
Q

the sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

A

X chromosome

51
Q

the sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

A

Y chromosome

52
Q

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

A

testosterone

53
Q

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

A

primary sex characteristics

54
Q

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

A

secondary sex characteristics

55
Q

the first ejaculation

A

spermarche

56
Q

the first menstrual period.

A

menarche

57
Q

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes.

A

intersex

58
Q

our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation); variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual orientation).

A

sexual orientation

59
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

A

menopause

60
Q

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

A

cross-sectional study

61
Q

research that follows and retests the same people over time.

A

longitudinal study

62
Q

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia.

A

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

63
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

64
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

A

social clock

AP Phycology (7 decks)

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