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AP Phycology > unit 2 vocab > Flashcards

unit 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

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2
Q

cell body

A

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

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3
Q

axon

A

the neurons extensions that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles glands.

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4
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s branching extensions that receive and integrate messages conducting impulses toward the cell body

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5
Q

myelin

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons

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6
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

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6
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon

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7
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

refectory period

A

in neural proccesing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

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9
Q

all or none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing or not firing

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10
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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12
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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13
Q

endorphins

A

natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

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14
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action

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15
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitters action

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16
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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17
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

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19
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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20
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming info from the body’s tissue and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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22
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process info between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the divisional the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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24
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

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25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

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26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

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27
Q

reflex

A

a simple autonomic response to a sensory stimulus.

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28
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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29
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and effect other tissues.

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30
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help the body in times of stress.

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31
Q

pituitary glands

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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32
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction

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33
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

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34
Q

magnetoencephalography

A

a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity.

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35
Q

CT scan

A

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain structre

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36
Q

PET scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task

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37
Q

MRI

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.

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38
Q

fMRI

A

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

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39
Q

Brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for autonomic survival functions

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40
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing

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41
Q

thalamus

A

the brain sensory control center located on top of the brain stem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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42
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.

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43
Q

cerebellum

A

the little brain at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

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44
Q

limbic system

A

the neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

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45
Q

amygdala

A

two lima bean sized clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

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46
Q

hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion ad reward.

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47
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage explicit memories of facts and events.

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48
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

49
Q

frontal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscles movements and in making plans and judement

50
Q

parietal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

51
Q

motor cortex

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

52
Q

occipital lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

53
Q

temporal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

54
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

55
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering thinking and speaking.

56
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or buy building new pathway based on experience

57
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

58
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brianis hemispheres and carrying messages between them

59
Q

split brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the two brains hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

60
Q

consciousness

A

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our envernment

61
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brian activity linked with cognition

62
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simotaisly processed on sperate conscious and unconscious track

63
Q

blind sight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

64
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

65
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a problem at a time

66
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

67
Q

heredity

A

the genetic transfer of charatrisices from parents to offspring

68
Q

environment

A

every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

69
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

70
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes ups chromosomes

71
Q

genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes

72
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism

73
Q

identical twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

74
Q

fraternal twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically not closer than a normal pair of siblings

75
Q

heritability

A

the promotion of varation among individuals in a group that we can attibute to genes

76
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor

77
Q

molocular genetics

A

the subfeild of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

78
Q

molecular behavior genetics

A

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

79
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change

80
Q

evolutionary phycology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

81
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular envernment will most likely be passed on to succeding generations

82
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

83
Q

social script

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

84
Q

consciousness

A

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our envernment

85
Q

hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

86
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion made during hypnosis during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

87
Q

dissociation

A

a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously

88
Q

sleep

A

a periodic natural loss of consciousness

89
Q

circadian rhythm

A

our biological clock

90
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep

91
Q

alpha waves

A

the slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state

92
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep

93
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences such as seeing things in the dark

94
Q

hypnagogic sensations

A

bizarre experinces such as jerking awake while transitioning to sleep

95
Q

Delta waves

A

the large slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3

96
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rythem

97
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asllep

98
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

99
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

100
Q

night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

101
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

102
Q

manifest content

A

the symbolic remembered storyline of a dream

103
Q

latent content

A

the underlying meaning of a dream

104
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

105
Q

psychoactive drug

A

a chemical substance that alters preceptions and moods

106
Q

substance use disorder

A

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

107
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

108
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

alcohol use marked by tolerance withdrawal and a drive to continue problematic use

109
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

110
Q

opiates

A

opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin

111
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

112
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

113
Q

cocaine

A

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant

114
Q

amphetamines

A

drugs such as methamphetamine that stimulate neural activity causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

115
Q

methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

116
Q

Ecstasy

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen Produces euphoria and social intimacy but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

117
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort preceptions and envoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

118
Q

near-death experience

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death

119
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as “acid”

120
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana that trigger a variety of effects including mild hallucinations

AP Phycology (7 decks)

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