Unit 6 - topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic gene expression

A

the phenotype of a cell or organism is determined by a combination of genes that are expressed and the levels that they are expressed

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2
Q

differential gene expression

A

differences between cell types

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3
Q

eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at

A

different stages

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4
Q

if DNA is tightly wound it is

A

less accessible for transcription

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5
Q

DNA can be modified by

A

histone acetylation and DNA methylation

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6
Q

histone acetylation

A

adds acetyl groups to histones which loosens DNA

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7
Q

DNA methylation

A

adds methyl groups to DNA, which causes chromatin to condense

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8
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A
  • chromatin modifications do not alter nucleotide sequence of the DNA, but they can be heritable to future generations
  • modifications can be reversed, unlike mutations
  • explains why one identical twin may inherit a disease while the other does not
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9
Q

transcription initiation

A
  • once chromatin modifications allow the DNA to be more accessible, specific transcription factors bind to control elements
  • sections of non coding DNA that serve as binding sites
  • gene expression can be increased or decreased by binding of activators or repressors to control elements
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10
Q

RNA processing

A

alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

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11
Q

translation initiation

A
  • translation can be activated or repressed by initiation factors
  • microRNAs and small interfering RNAs can bind to mRNA and degrade it or block translation
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12
Q

eukaryotic development

A
  • during embryonic development, cell division and cell differentiation occurs
  • cells become specialized in their structure and function
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13
Q

morphogenesis

A

physical process that gives an organism its shape

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14
Q

cells differentiate during early development by

A

cytoplasmic determinants and induction

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15
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

substances in the maternal egg that influence cells

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16
Q

induction

A

cell to cell signals that can cause a change in gene expression

17
Q

both cytoplasmic determinants and induction influence

A

pattern formation- a “body plan” for the organism

18
Q

homeotic genes

A

map out the body structures

19
Q

as cells differentiate

A

apoptosis plays a critical role

20
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
allows structures to take their form