Unit 6 Muscoskeletal System Flashcards
Intro
❖ Skeletal muscles are anchored to bone directly or by tendon
❖ When the muscle contracts, the associated structure moves
❖ The contraction of a skeletal muscle requires numerous steps within cells and fibers that require oxygen, electrolytes and glucose which are supplied by bloodstream
Smooth muscle
❖ located in the walls of hollow internal structures in the body like arteries, intestine, bladder and iris of the eye
❖ They tend to circle the structure and when they contract, the hollow structure is squeezed
Function
❖ Muscles - provide movement & generate heat
❖ Ligaments - connect bone to bone injury = sprain
❖ Tendons - connect bone to muscle injury = strain
❖ Bones - protection & shape
❖ Consists 206 bones and 600 muscles
Muscle system
Muscles are complex structures that cause movement in the body
TYPES
❖ Cardiac muscle (Involuntary) pumps blood
❖ Skeletal (voluntary) muscle attached to bones of body and moves external body parts
❖ Smooth (Involuntary) muscle carry out automatic muscular functions
Muscle pain ( Myalgia )
Pain that involves any or all muscles of the body
- less intense than bone pain
Muscles pain may be brought about by tension or stress, muscle strain due to overexertion and injury or trauma including sprains
- could be caused by disease like autoimmune disease polymyositis, muscle infection trichinosis and general infection
Muscle spasm
- known as cramp
- involuntary contraction of a muscle
- featuring spasticity in neurologic conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and spinal
cord disease
Spasticity
Altered skeletal muscle performance in muscle tone involving hypertonia, which is referred to as unusual tightness of muscles
Multiple sclerosis
- also known as disseminated sclerosis
or encephalomyelitis disseminata) - inflammatory disease which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination
Muscle spasm cause
- overused muscle
- overstretched
- Dehydration and depletion of electrolytes
- Diabetes, anemia, multiple sclerosis, poisons like strychnine, spinal cord injury, stroke
- Strenuous exercise in a hot environment
Muscle spasm symptoms
Acute pain
- need to stretch the muscle
involved, thus relieving the spasm
Diagnosis
- begins with a history and physical examination
- past medical history
- blood test
- Ultrasound and angiography
Muscle relaxants
Eperisone
- relaxes skeletal muscles by inhibition of experimentally-induced muscle rigidity, suppression of spinal reflexes and reduction of muscle spindle sensitivity via γ-motor neurons
Metaxalone
- centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
Tizanidine
- Spasticity in patient with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury
Tolperisone
- Centrally acting muscle relaxant
Orphenadrine
- exerts antiparkinsonian action by inhibiting excess central cholinergic effects that occur due to dopamine deficiency
Baclofen
- inhibits the transmission of
both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal cord level
Muscle spasm pain treatment
Analgesic ( non - opioid ) & antipyretics
- paracetamol
Analgesic ( Opioid )
- Dextropropoxyphene, Pentazocine, Tramadol )
Nonsteroidal – Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
- Diclofenac, Aspirin, Etoricoxib, Ibuprofen, Celexoxib
Antispasmodics
❖ Meteospasmyl
- Alverine citrate 60 mg, simethicone
300
1.Cimetropium Bromide
2.Dicycloverine
Moa : Antispasmodic that reduces intestinal gas. GI tract spasm & irritable bowel syndrome
- Avarin ( Alverine citrate 60 mg, simethicone 300 mg )
- Hyoscine Bromide (Buscopan)
❖ Alverine
Moa : Intestinal GIT spasm and uterine smooth muscle
❖ Belladonna
Moa : PO Smooth muscle spasms and topical for muscular ache and pain
