Endocrine 1

Question 1

Endocrine system definition

Answer 1

consist of various glands that secrete hormones. The endocrine system regulate
• metabolism
• growth development and puberty
• tissue function
• plays a part in determining mood.

Question 2

Endocrine consist of ?

Answer 2

-PINEAL GLAND
-HYPOTHALAMUS
-PITUITARY GLAND
-PARATHYOID GLAND
-THYROID GLAND
-THYMUS
-ADRENAL GLAND
-PANCREAS
-GONAD(OVARIES)
-GONAD (TESTES)

Question 3

Areas of pituitary gland

Answer 3

Posterior
-produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Anterior
 produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 growth hormone (GH)
 adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 4

Anterior pituitary

Answer 4

• Primarily regulates other
  endocrine glands
• TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones , increase metabolic rate
• Growth hormone (GH)
• lower glucose usage
• increase consumption of fats as an energy source
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release its hormones
• FSH & LH stimulates maturation

Question 5

Posterior pituitary

Answer 5

• Oxytocin (the natural form of pitocin)
• stimulates gravid uterus
• causes “let down” of milk from the breast.
• ADH (vasopressin) causes the kidney to retain water

Question 6

Pancreas and it’s function

Answer 6

PANCREAS
- key gland in the folds of duodenum
- secretes several key digestive enzymes
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- specialized tissues in which the endocrine functions of the pancreas occurs
- include 3 types of cells: alpha (ª) beta (ɓ) delta (ḍ)
- each secretes an important hormone
ALPHA CELLS (a)
- release glucagon, essential for
controlling blood glucose levels
BETA CELLS (b)
- release insulin (antagonistic to glucagon).
- Insulin increase the rate at which various body cells take up glucose. Thus, insulin lowers the blood glucose level
- Insulin is rapidly broken down by the liver and must be secreted constantly
DELTA CELLS (d)
- produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin.

Question 7

Adrenal glands

Answer 7

Adrenal medulla
-secretes catecholamine hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine
Adrenal cortex
-secretes 3 classes of steroid hormones ( gluticocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgenic hormones )

Question 8

Functions of steroid hormones

Answer 8

GLUTICOCORTICOIDS
- increase level of glucose in blood
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
- regulate concentration of potassium and sodium in body

Question 9

Insulin MoA

Answer 9

▪ a polypeptide hormone consisting of two peptide
chains that are connected by disulfide bonds
▪ synthesized as a precursor (proinsulin) that
undergoes proteolytic cleavage to form insulin
and C-peptide
▪ a hormone produced by the pancreas, acts to
maintain blood glucose levels within normal
limits (60–120 mg/dL)

Question 10

Diabest Test

Answer 10

• FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE TEST
  -FASTING BGL 100-125MG/DL(SIGNALPREDIABETES) > 126 MG/DL SIGNAL DIABETES > 6.7 MMOL/L
  -ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
  -TESTED FOR 2 HRS AFTER DRINKING GL UCOSE RICH DRINK 140-199 MG/DL SIGNAL PREDIABETES >200 MG/DL SIGNAL DIABETES