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Biology Revision > Unit 6: Lipids, Carbs, and Proteins (Organic Polymers and Macromolecules) > Flashcards

Unit 6: Lipids, Carbs, and Proteins (Organic Polymers and Macromolecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

Review structures of amino acids, alpha/beta glucose, lipids, ribose,

A

left side of fatty acids = methyl group

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2
Q

Orientation of beta

A

Up, down, up, down

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3
Q

Orientation of alpha

A

Down, down, up, down

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

  • the metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones

REQUIRES condensation reactions to proceed
Ex. photosynthesis

  • is responsible for the growth, repair, and maintenance of cells and tissues
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5
Q

Oligopeptide

A

(2-10) amino acids

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6
Q

Polypeptides

A

(10+) amino acids

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

cannot be synthesized by the body
- are not produced by

(9)

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8
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Are made by the body

(11)

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9
Q

When looking at molecules, how do you determine polarity and charge?

A

Non-polar : has lots of hydrogen and carbon

Polar : has lots of oxygen in R group

+ charge (basis) = lots of nitrogen

  • charge (acidic) = lots of carboxyl groups
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10
Q

Globular

A
  • spherical
    -water soluble
    -relatively stable

Ex. Haemoglobin

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11
Q

Fibrous

A

-polypeptide chains organized approximately in parallel
- produce long fibers or large sheets

repeated units (monomers)

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12
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  • a catalyst involved in metabolic reactions (breaks down/ builds up)
  • speeds up rate of chemical reaction
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13
Q

What is a substrate?

A

What the enzyme acts on to anabolism or catabolize

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14
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the chemical reaction happens on an enzyme

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy for a chemical reaction to start

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in our body
- The totality of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

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17
Q

Catabolism

A

The metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
- REQUIRES hydrolysis reactions to proceed
(water is consumed as a part of the reaction)
Ex. Cell respiration

  • Provides energy for cellular activities by breaking down molecules. It releases energy stored in chemical bonds
18
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Contain CARBON and are synthesized by living organisms

19
Q

Explain how the structure of the carbon atom contributes to the formation of organic life

A
  • Because of its capacity to form large molecules
  • Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds
  • This allows it to function as a stable backbone in a wide variety of compounds
20
Q

Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved

Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccaride, Polysaccharide, Glycosidic Linkage

21
Q

Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved

Lipid

A

Fatty acids + glycerol, triglyceride, ester linkage

22
Q

Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved

Protein

A

Amino acids, Polypeptides, Peptide Bond

23
Q

Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved

Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotides, DNA or RNA, Phosphodiester Bond

24
Q

Cis Isomer

A

two similar atoms lie on the same side of the double bond

Cis Unsaturated: olive oil, avocados, nuts/seeds

25
Q

Trans Isomer

A

two similar atoms like anti to each other of a double bond
(other side “switched”)

Trans Unsaturated: fried foods

26
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

SHITSME

Structure –> collagen, provides support

Hormones –> insulin, regulates blood glucose levels

Immunity –> immunoglobin, produced in response to the presence of antigens

Transport –> Haemoglobin, carries oxygen from lungs throughout the body

Sensation –> Rhodopsin, involved in the detection of light

Motor

Enzyme

27
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the release of a small molecule like water

28
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction where water is used to break a compound into smaller molecules

29
Q

What are lipids

A

hydrophobic molecules that include fates, oils, steroids, and hormones

30
Q

5 functions of lipids

A

SHIPS

1) Storage of energy
2) Hormonal roles
3) Insulin
4) Protection
5) Structural components

31
Q

Explain why carbs and lipids are used preferentially to proteins as an energy source.

A

They metabolize more efficiently for energy production compared to proteins. They yield a higher ATP output per unit of oxygen consumed than proteins

  • By using proteins as energy sources, it would take away, divert the protein’s resources from its structural role
32
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

come from animal sources

33
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  • has double bonds of carbon
    Ex. olive oil, Great for you!
34
Q

Carbs vs. Lipid

A

Carbs:
-short term energy storage/readily available

Lipids:
-occupy less space/store more energy per gram
-more efficient for long term energy storage

35
Q

Def. of Denaturation

A

Loss of structure resulting in the loss of biological activity

36
Q

Cause of denaturation

A

1) increase in temperature/heat
2) change of pH
3) salt
4) heavy metals

37
Q

Maltase

A

a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules joined together

38
Q

Glucose

A

a monosaccaride (single sugar molecule)

39
Q

Review chart

what is cellulose?

A

-held together by hydrogen bonding. This gives the cellulose its rigidity and strength
- is fiber
- cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes

40
Q

What is amylose?

A

Storage form of carbs in plants
- excess glucose from photosynthesis is stored in the starch

41
Q

What is glycogen?

A

-is the storage form of carbs in humans
-after eating, glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
- when glucose levels decrease, glycogen is digested to release glucose into the blood

42
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

mass/ height (meters) squared

Biology Revision (8 decks)

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