Unit 6: Lipids, Carbs, and Proteins (Organic Polymers and Macromolecules) Flashcards
Review structures of amino acids, alpha/beta glucose, lipids, ribose,
left side of fatty acids = methyl group
Orientation of beta
Up, down, up, down
Orientation of alpha
Down, down, up, down
Anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions
- the metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones
REQUIRES condensation reactions to proceed
Ex. photosynthesis
- is responsible for the growth, repair, and maintenance of cells and tissues
Oligopeptide
(2-10) amino acids
Polypeptides
(10+) amino acids
Essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized by the body
- are not produced by
(9)
Nonessential amino acids
Are made by the body
(11)
When looking at molecules, how do you determine polarity and charge?
Non-polar : has lots of hydrogen and carbon
Polar : has lots of oxygen in R group
+ charge (basis) = lots of nitrogen
- charge (acidic) = lots of carboxyl groups
Globular
- spherical
-water soluble
-relatively stable
Ex. Haemoglobin
Fibrous
-polypeptide chains organized approximately in parallel
- produce long fibers or large sheets
repeated units (monomers)
What is an enzyme?
- a catalyst involved in metabolic reactions (breaks down/ builds up)
- speeds up rate of chemical reaction
What is a substrate?
What the enzyme acts on to anabolism or catabolize
What is the active site?
Where the chemical reaction happens on an enzyme
Activation energy
Amount of energy for a chemical reaction to start
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in our body
- The totality of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
Catabolism
The metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
- REQUIRES hydrolysis reactions to proceed
(water is consumed as a part of the reaction)
Ex. Cell respiration
- Provides energy for cellular activities by breaking down molecules. It releases energy stored in chemical bonds
Organic Molecules
Contain CARBON and are synthesized by living organisms
Explain how the structure of the carbon atom contributes to the formation of organic life
- Because of its capacity to form large molecules
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds
- This allows it to function as a stable backbone in a wide variety of compounds
Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved
Carbohydrate
Monosaccaride, Polysaccharide, Glycosidic Linkage
Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved
Lipid
Fatty acids + glycerol, triglyceride, ester linkage
Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved
Protein
Amino acids, Polypeptides, Peptide Bond
Monomer/Subunit, Polymer, and Bond Involved
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides, DNA or RNA, Phosphodiester Bond
Cis Isomer
two similar atoms lie on the same side of the double bond
Cis Unsaturated: olive oil, avocados, nuts/seeds
Trans Isomer
two similar atoms like anti to each other of a double bond
(other side “switched”)
Trans Unsaturated: fried foods
Functions of Proteins
SHITSME
Structure –> collagen, provides support
Hormones –> insulin, regulates blood glucose levels
Immunity –> immunoglobin, produced in response to the presence of antigens
Transport –> Haemoglobin, carries oxygen from lungs throughout the body
Sensation –> Rhodopsin, involved in the detection of light
Motor
Enzyme
Condensation Reaction
two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the release of a small molecule like water
Hydrolysis Reaction
A chemical reaction where water is used to break a compound into smaller molecules
What are lipids
hydrophobic molecules that include fates, oils, steroids, and hormones
5 functions of lipids
SHIPS
1) Storage of energy
2) Hormonal roles
3) Insulin
4) Protection
5) Structural components
Explain why carbs and lipids are used preferentially to proteins as an energy source.
They metabolize more efficiently for energy production compared to proteins. They yield a higher ATP output per unit of oxygen consumed than proteins
- By using proteins as energy sources, it would take away, divert the protein’s resources from its structural role
Saturated Fatty Acids
come from animal sources
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- has double bonds of carbon
Ex. olive oil, Great for you!
Carbs vs. Lipid
Carbs:
-short term energy storage/readily available
Lipids:
-occupy less space/store more energy per gram
-more efficient for long term energy storage
Def. of Denaturation
Loss of structure resulting in the loss of biological activity
Cause of denaturation
1) increase in temperature/heat
2) change of pH
3) salt
4) heavy metals
Maltase
a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules joined together
Glucose
a monosaccaride (single sugar molecule)
Review chart
what is cellulose?
-held together by hydrogen bonding. This gives the cellulose its rigidity and strength
- is fiber
- cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes
What is amylose?
Storage form of carbs in plants
- excess glucose from photosynthesis is stored in the starch
What is glycogen?
-is the storage form of carbs in humans
-after eating, glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
- when glucose levels decrease, glycogen is digested to release glucose into the blood
Body Mass Index (BMI)
mass/ height (meters) squared
