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BIOL 273 Physiology > Unit 6 - Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functions of immune system

A
  1. protect body
  2. remove dead/damaged tissues and cells
  3. recognize and remove abnormal cells
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2
Q

what are:
a) autoimmunity
b) allergies
c) immunodeficiency

A

a) incorrect responses
b) overactive responses
c) lack of response

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3
Q

what are pathogens?

A

disease-causing agents

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4
Q

bacteria characteristics

A
  • cell surrounded by a cell membrane & usually a cell wall
  • antibiotics
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5
Q

virus characteristics

  • once inside host, what happens?
  • what happens with new viral particles?
A
  • intracellular pathogens
  • not cells -> nucleic acid core with protein coat
  • some have envelope derived from host cell membrane
  • antivirals
  • once inside host, virus nucleic acid takes over
  • new viral particles can either rupture host cell or bud off from host cell
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6
Q

what are immune system organs called? why?

A

lymphoid organs because lymphocytes are found there

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7
Q

what are lymphoid organs connected by? what do they carry?

A

connected by blood vessels and lymph vessels

they carry lymph (clear fluid)

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8
Q

what is lymph? what does it do?

A

lymph is essentially ECF that has left capillaries & filter through tissue

it acts as a conduit for immunologically active cells to travel through

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9
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

strategic locations like:
- knee, groin, elbow, shoulder, neck

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10
Q

what are regions of the body outside lymphoid organs called?

A

periphery

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11
Q

primary lymphoid organs
- what happens here?
- what’s included?

A
  • organs where lymphocytes develop
  • bone marrow (all blood cells originate here)
    B cells mature here
  • thymus; T cells mature here
    (most active in childhood)
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12
Q

secondary lymphoid organs
- what happens here?
- what are the structures & functions (4)?

A
  • organs where lymphocytes interact and initiate responses (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT))
  • filter blood and lymph -> for pathogens & pathogen-containing lymphocytes
  • afferent lymph vessel brings in lymphocytes from periphery
  • efferent lymph vessel allows them to keep circulating
  • pulp inside lymph nodes allows mixing of lymphocytes and other leukocytes
  • arteries & veins (nutrients & O2) plus non-lymphatic leukocytes
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13
Q

secondary lymphoid organs:

  • spleen and lymph nodes _________
  • tonsils and GALT _________
A
  • surrounded by a fibrous wall -> encapsulated
  • unencapsulated -> diffuse
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14
Q

WBCs are ____ & ____ than RBCs

A

bigger & less numerous

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15
Q

what are the 6 types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes (macrophages)
eosinophils
basophils (mast cells)
dendritic cells

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16
Q

granulocytes

A
  • prominent cytoplasmic granules
  • eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
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17
Q

phagocytes

A
  • can engulf and ingest pathogens
  • neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
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18
Q

cytotoxic cells

A
  • kill other cells, even self-cells
  • eosinophils & some lymphocytes (NK, Tc)
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19
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • display fragments of pathogens on cell surface
  • some lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages
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20
Q

eosinophils

A

cytotoxic granulocyte with bright pink staining granules
- defend against parasites & allergens
- not a lot in periphery, shortlived
- found in digestive tract, lungs, genital tract, skin
- respond by binding to an antibody-coated parasite and degranulate -> spew cytotoxic granule contents
- also degranulate in allergic responses

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21
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes involved in allergic responses
- have large dark blue staining granules
- in blood (rare), mast cells in tissue -> found in digestive tract, lungs, skin
- granules contain histamine, heparin, cytokines
- also degranulate in allergic responses

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22
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic granulocytes
- most abundant leukocyte
- live a few days, can eat a few bacteria
- can leave circulatory system to attack pathogens in tissues
- granules contain cytokines (fever, inflammation)

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23
Q

monocytes

A

precursor cells of tissue macrophages, uncommon in blood
- in blood for some hours -> move into tissue to be macrophages
- macrophages are large amoeboid cells, phagocytose old RBCs and dead neutrophils
- can eat a lot of bacteria
- in adaptive immune response (APCs - display antigens)

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24
Q

lymphocytes

A

very involved in acquired immunity
- around1/4 of leukocytes
- very little in circulation; most in secondary lymphoid tissues
- a LOT per individual
- they look the same microscopically but have different functions

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25
Q

dendritic cells

A

phagocytic APCs
- long thin process like neuron dendrites
- found in skin and other organs
- phagocytose pathogens, digest, present on surface
- “activated” cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to present to lymphocytes

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26
Q

precursor to all blood cells?

A

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

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27
Q

types of lymphocytes (2)

A

B cells
T cells

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28
Q

B cells

A
  • made and matured in bone marrow, NOT reason for name (chicken: Bursa, invagination of colon)
  • make antibodies (on cell surface or free-floating)
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29
Q

T cells

A
  • made in bone marrow, matured in thymus, IS reason for name
  • use contact-dependent signalling via T-cell receptor on T cell membrane (can only bind to MHCs);

can NOT bind to free Ag

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30
Q

what does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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31
Q

MHC I / MHC II

A
  • on all nucleated cells
  • on APCs
32
Q

types of T cells and what MHCs they recognize?

A

cytotoxic T cells (Tc) or killer T cells
- class I MHC
- kills cell

helper T cells (Th)
- class II MHC
- promote differentiation of B cells and Tc cells, can activate macrophages

regulatory T cells (Treg)
- class II MHC
- suppress other immune cells to prevent excessive response

33
Q

how does immune system use chemical signalling?

A

a. antibodies -> bind to antigens as signal
b. cytokines -> affect growth of activity of other cells

34
Q

innate vs adaptive immunity

A

innate:
- more rapid, non-specific, can lead to adaptive
- inflammation is distinctive in innate
- all organisms have

adaptive
- specific, days to weeks
- memory
- divides into cell-mediated immunity & antibody-mediated immunity/humoral immunity
- only in vertebrates

35
Q

innate:
how does second line of defence (circulating leukocytes & blood proteins) react?

A

provide clearance/containment of pathogens until adaptive response kicks in

36
Q

innate:
what does first line of defence include?

A

physical barriers (skin, mucus lining of gut/genital tract, ciliated epithelium of respiratory system)

chemical barriers (stomach acid)

(most vulnerable; epithelium exposed & thin)

37
Q

innate immune system cells

A
  • majority phagocytes
  • attract other cells by secreting cytokines
    (chemotaxins - attract other immune cells)
    a. cytokines & other immune blood proteins
    b. tissue injury products
    c. bacterial products
38
Q

extravasion =?

A

phagocytes leave circulation and enter tissue through capillary walls

39
Q

what happens if pathogen does not have surface features recognized by phagocytes?
process is called?

A

blood proteins bind to and coat pathogen to “tag”
- opsonization

40
Q

once phagocyte ingests, particle is in a vesicle called?
these fuse with lysosomes to form?

A

phagosome
phagolysosome

41
Q

what is pus?

A

dead phagocytes, tissue fluids, debris

42
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • innate, but most lymphocytes are in adaptive
  • bring about apoptosis
  • can attack tumour cells

produce important cytokines:
inferons alpha and beta -> induce antiviral state in nearby cells
inferon gamma -> activates macrophages & other immune cells

43
Q

inferons used for

A

interfere with viral replication

44
Q

what do chemical mediators do?

A

innate response
inflammation
- signal to attract cells and chemical agents
- increase capillary permeability, fever
- physical barrier produced to prevent pathogen spread
- promote tissue repair

caused by cytokines released by macrophages

45
Q

what chemical mediates most of the chemical mediator effects?

local or systemic?

what are its functions(4)?

A

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

mainly local, can be systemic

  1. loosen capillary wall
  2. act on liver to produce damage control blood proteins
  3. fever
  4. stimulate cytokine production
46
Q

complement proteins
innate or acquired?
characteristics/processes?

A

innate response
- over 25 blood proteins activated by sequential proteolysis
- some are opsonins, some are chemotaxins

  • some form Membrane Attack Complex (MAC Attack) to make holes in pathogen membranes -> lyse from water/ion intake
47
Q

other names for adaptive immunity?

A

acquired
specific

48
Q

what are the lymphocytes involved in acquired immunity?

A

B cells (activated form = plasma cell)
T cells
NOT NK cells

49
Q

T & B cells can expand ____

A

clonally

50
Q

what happens after B and T cells recognize a pathogen?

A

expand clonally -> many effector cells

(effector cells attack pathogen, some become memory cells)

51
Q

which lymphocyte controls antibody-mediated immunity?
antibody-mediated immunity AKA?

A

B cells!
humoral immunity

52
Q

antibodies AKA?

A

immunoglobulins

53
Q

name all immunoglobulins/antibodies classes in humans

functions for all

A

MADGE:
IgM - primary responses -> activate complement

IgA - in secretions -> neutralize pathogen before entry

IgD - on B cell surface with IgM -> function unknown

IgG - most of plasma Ab, secondary response -> activates complement, opsonize

IgE - allergies -> recognized by mast cells

54
Q

antibody structure has __ light chains and __ heavy chains

A

2 & 2

55
Q

antibody structure:
explain Fab & Fc
what connects them?

A

Fab - arms with antigen binding sites
Fc - stem determines Ab class

there is a hinge between Fab and Fc

56
Q

Fab stands for?
Fc stands for?

A

fragment antigen binding
fragment crystallizable

57
Q

name for what Ag-bind site recognizes on antigen/where they attach

A

epitope

58
Q

antibodies are most effective against ___ pathogens

A

extracellular

59
Q

are antibodies effective against macromolecules?

A

yes!

60
Q

do antibodies damage pathogens themselves? if not, what?

A

no, they make pathogens more visible to immune defenses or activate defences

61
Q

antibody functions (7)

A
  1. opsonize Ag’s for phagocytosis
  2. antigen/pathogen clumping
  3. neutralize bacterial toxins
  4. activate complement
  5. activate B cells
  6. activate Ab-dependent activity (e.g. NK & eosinophils)
  7. activate mast cells to degranulate
62
Q

how do cells interact with antibodies?

A
  • B cells have antibodies on surface as receptors
  • other cells use Fc receptors that bind to Ab Fc
63
Q

what lymphocyte mediates cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

64
Q

what is the only way for T cells to do its job? (communication-wise)

A

need to be in contact directly with target cell

65
Q

cell-mediated response:
- types of receptor protein
- which T cells and functions

A
  1. class I MHC
    - cytotoxic T cells; kill cells that express the peptides
    - release perforin to make pores in target cell
    - release granzymes, enter through pores, apoptosis
    - can also express Fas ligand to trigger apoptosis
  2. class II MHC
    - extracellular pathogens
    - phagocytose pathogens -> present to T helper and T regulatory cells
    - TH: secrete cytokines to activate immune cells
    - Treg secrete cytokines to suppress immune cells
66
Q

bacterial infection often results in ___ response

A

inflammatory;
(redness, swelling, tenderness)

67
Q

bacteria response stages (6) (not steps, just list)

A
  1. complement activated by bacterial wall
    a. chemotaxins
    b. MAC
    c. opsonize
  2. haemostasis if blood vessel broken
  3. phagocytes (make cytokines) and activated lymphocytes (present antigens)
  4. TH produce cytokine -> activate B cells
  5. B cells clonally expand & become plasma cells to make lots of antibodies
    a. opsonins
    b. activate complement
  6. end of response most lymphocytes die, some become memory cells
68
Q

viral infection overview (short) innate and acquired:

A
  • when virus is extracellular, phagocytes and Ab’s can help (opsonin, neutralize)
  • both Tcell mediated and humoral immunity
69
Q

stages of viral infection response (6)

A
  • once intracellular, most immune cells and Ab’s cannot reach
  • infected host cell makes IFN beta and macrophages make IFN alpha
  • host cells make cytokines, macrophages activate NK & Tc cells
  • Tc cells recognize MHC I, perforin & granzymes for apoptosis, also Fas ligand for apoptosis
  • some viruses turn off MHC I; NK cells kill any with no MHC I
  • end of response, most Tc cells die but some become memory cells
70
Q

allergic response overview (types of allergic responses, what effect does it have)

A
  • inflammatory immune response to non-pathogenic antigen
  • sensitive (atopic) people

Types:
- immediate hypersensitivity (Ab mediated)
- delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) (T cell & macrophage mediated)

71
Q

allergic response stages (hypersensitivity response)

A
  1. sensitization phase:
    - like primary response
    - antigen ingested by APC -> activate TH cell
    - TH cell activate B cell -> make IgE
    - TH and B cells become memory cells
  2. re-exposure:
    - like secondary response (strong and rapid response)
    - generally, IgE on mast cells detect allergen
    - mast cells degranulate (make cytokine and histamines) -> inflammation

severity varies:
- localized -> rash or hay fever
- systemic -> anaphylactic shock (vasodilation, circulatory collapse, bronchoconstriction)

72
Q

MHC proteins are also called? (transplant related)

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

73
Q

if donor and recipient share _____, often successful transplant

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), AKA MHC

74
Q

2 possibilities of transplant (rejections)

A
  • rejection of host by donor tissue (graft vs host)
  • reject of donor tissue by host (host vs graft)
75
Q

do RBCs have MHC proteins? why? how do they differentiate?

A

no, no nucleus (MHC I -> nucleated cells)

group of antigens that make up four blood types (A, B, O, AB)

76
Q

what happens if wrong blood type with transfusion?

A

antibodies react, cells clump (agglutinate)

MAC attack -> cells lyse -> Hb released

free Hb causes acute renal failure (kidneys try to filter blood with large molecules)

BIOL 273 Physiology (6 decks)

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