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BIOL 273 Physiology > Unit 1 - Intro to Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology = ?

A

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
1) structure & function relationships
2) biological energy
3) info flow
4) homeostasis

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2
Q

Levels of Organization (6)

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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3
Q

tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

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4
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A
  • protect internal env
  • regulate material exchange
  • one or more connected cell layers and basal lamina (basement membrane)
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5
Q

epithelial types

A

exchange
ciliated
secretory
transporting
protecting

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6
Q

epithelial (exchange)

A

rapid exchange of gaseous material

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7
Q

epithelial (ciliated)

A

line airways & female reproductive tract

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8
Q

epithelial (secretory)

A

synthesize & release products into external env/blood

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9
Q

epithelial (transporting)

A

selective transport of non-gaseous material

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10
Q

epithelial (protective)

A

found on body surface

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11
Q

connective tissue functions

A

provide structure & support; extensive ECM (containing proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, fibronectin)

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12
Q

connective tissue types (5)

A

loose
dense
adipose
blood
supporting

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13
Q

connective - loose

A

elastic tissue

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14
Q

connective - dense

A

strength (primary function)

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15
Q

connective - adipose

A

white and brown fat

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16
Q

connective - blood

A

watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibers

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17
Q

connective - supporting

A

dense substances (e.g. cartilage, bone)

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18
Q

muscle tissue function

A

ability to contract -> produce force & movement

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19
Q

muscle tissue types (3)

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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20
Q

muscle - skeletal

A

gross body movement

21
Q

muscle - smooth

A

influence movement of substances in/out/within body

22
Q

muscle - cardiac

A

only in heart; contraction moves blood through body

23
Q

neural tissue function

A

carry info from one part of body to another; v little ECM

24
Q

neural tissue types (2) & their functions

A

neurons - carry info as electrical or chemical signals
glial cells - supporting cells for neurons

25
Q

which of the following allows the movement of gases across epithelium?
a) ciliated
b) protective
c) secretory
d) exchange
e) transport

A

d) exchange

26
Q

organ systems (10)

A

nervous
musculoskeletal
circulatory
respiratory
immune
endocrine
reproductive
digestive
urinary
integumentary

27
Q

difference between “function” & “mechanism”?

A

function - why system exist?
mechanism - how system work?
- mechanism is studied to understand function

28
Q

characteristics of homeostasis

A
  • maintenance of relatively stable internal environment
  • auto control mechanisms
29
Q

result of homeostasis?

A

oscillation around set-point

30
Q

can setpoints change w time?

A

yes; acclimatization - environmentally induced change in physiological function w no genetic change

31
Q

cell-to-cell communication mechanisms (4)

A

gap junction
contact-dependent signals
local communications
long-distance communication

32
Q

gap junction

A

direct cell-to-cell comms
- occurs via connexons (protein channels) between adjacent cells
- can open/close
- in many cell types

33
Q

contact-dependent signals

A
  • interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
  • immune cells & during development
34
Q

local communications

A

communication w neighbouring cells
- via paracrine(act on neighbour)/autocrine (act on self) signals

35
Q

long-distance communication

A
  • responsibility of nervous & endocrine systems
  • nervous system: combination of chemical/electrical signals (e.g. neurohormones, neurotransmitters)
  • endocrine system: chemical signals (hormones)
36
Q

why do some cells respond to a chemical signal and others do not?

A

target cells have various receptor proteins; only respond if appropriate receptor

37
Q

receptors

A

usually trans-membrane proteins (or glycoproteins)
usually found in plasma membrane, but can be cytosolic/nuclear

38
Q

membrane spanning receptor (3 main regions) - think “Y”

A

A. extracellular domain (binding ligand)
B. trans-membrane domain (hydrophobic)
C. intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain (activating cellular response

39
Q

Receptors vs Chemical signals

A
  • receptor, not just the signal, determine type of response
  • any molecule binding w receptor -> response (agonist - response; antagonist - no response)
40
Q

responses to chemical signals (4 steps)

A
  • signaling molecule binds to receptor
  • activated receptor interacts w molecules inside cell to start signal
  • signal carried to appropriate place in cell -> signal transduction
  • response occurs
41
Q

homeostasis can be maintained by local/long-distance pathways. define local control & reflex control.

A

local control - effects exerted on neighbouring cells
reflex control - reaction in one or more organs controlled from elsewhere in body; can be any long-distance path from nervous and/or endocrine

42
Q

Key points about homeostatic control systems (6)

A
  • stability = result of balance between input & output
  • negative feedback returns variable to original condition
  • maintain similarity, not constancy
  • setpoints can be reset
  • some variables controlled more closely than others
  • most control systems require communication between cells
43
Q

Response loop steps (7, general)

A

stimulus
sensor/receptor
afferent/input pathway
integrating center
efferent/output pathway
target/effector
response

44
Q

Types of feed/control loops (3)

A

negative feedback
positive feedback
feedforward control

45
Q

negative feedback

A
  • results in a change that removes signal, returning variable to original value
  • allows for homeostasis (oscillation; keeps system near set-point)
46
Q

positive feedback

A
  • response sends a signal -> reinforce stimulus, sending variable further from set-point until external signal turns response off (e.g. labour)
  • NOT homeostatic
  • sends system temporarily out of control
47
Q

feedforward control

A
  • anticipatory control: predicts incoming change
    ->starts response loop to prevent change
    e.g. smelling food
48
Q

where can receptor molecules for chemical signals be found?
a) membrane
b) cytosol
c) nucleus
d) a and c
e) all

A

e) all

BIOL 273 Physiology (6 decks)

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