Unit 6 Human Physiology Flashcards
Digestion
is the process by which food are transformed into soluble molecules
absorption
is the process by which monomers enter the cells of the intestine wall
Amylase
is the enzyme that digests starch, a polysaccharide, into disaccharides
lipase
the enzyme that digests lipids such as such as triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteases
enzymes that digests groteins into peptides and then into amino acids
Villi
are small finger- like projections of the intestinal wall facing the lumen
Microvilli
are small projections found of the surface of the epithelial cells of the villi
Lacteal
is the lymphatic vessel found in each villus which aids lipid absorption
Mucosa
the layer of epithelial tissue where food absorption occurs
Circular and longitudinal muscles
contract in different directions, allowing the movement of food through the gut
sodium co-transport
is the process by which sodium is transported outside the cell by active transport to allow the entrance of other substances such as glucose into the cell by co-transport with the sodium ions
Medulla oblongata
part of the brain involved in the control of the heart rate
Adrenaline
Hormone that accelerates the heart rate
Lymphocytes
white blood cells involved in the production of antibodues
plasma cells
are mature lymphocytes that can produce antibodies in the primary response
Antigen
part of the pathogen recognized by the immune system
antibody
protein that attaches to the antigen to destroy or flag the pathogen
Memory cells
produce antibodies if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is re- encountered. This is called the secondary response
HIV
a virus that causes the disease AIDS
Ventilation rate
the amount of air breathed in a period of time
tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in one breath
Type I pneumocytes
are flattened epithelial cells allowing gaseous exchange
Type II pneumocytes
cuboidal epithelial cells production surfactant
Lung cancer
presence of tumors growing in the lung tissue
Emphysema
the destruction of alveolar walls by elastase leading to impaired gaseous exchange
Membrane potential
the difference in voltage between the outside and inside of the cell membrane
resting potential
the membrane potential as long as there is no perturbance, it its around -70mV
Action potential
the depolarization and repolarization of the neuron allowing impulse transmission
Depolarization
the opening of the sodium ion channels, increasing the membrane potential
Repolarization
the closing of sodium ion channels and opening of potassium ion channels restoring the low membrane potential
Hyperpolarizaiton
when the membrane potential is at its lowest. This is caused by the delay i closing of the potassium ion channels
Insulin
induces the uptake of glucose from blood to be stored in the liver as glycogen when glucose levels are high
Glucagon
induces the breakdown of glycogen into glucose to be released when glucose levels are low in the blood
Thyroxin
secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature
Leptin
secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite
Melatonin
secreted by the pineal glad to control circadian rhythms. Promotes sleep when it is dark. It is used to alleviate the effects of Jet lag
Testes
the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone
scrotum
holds the testes
epididymis
a duct where sperm are stored until ejaculation
Sperm Ducts
transfer the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation
Seminal Vesicles and Prostate gland
secrete fluid that makes semen
Ovaries
the organs where eggs, estrogen and progesterone are produced
Oviducts
the canals that receive the eggs at ovulation and are the site of fertilization
Uterus
the organ where the embryo is implanted after fertilization
cervix
the lower part of the uterus. Its muscles dilate to provide a birth canal
Vagina
the duct joining the vulva with the uterus allowing sexual intercourse
vulva
protects the internal parts of the female reproductive system
FSh
Stimulates the development of follicles and the secretion of estrogen by the follicle wall
estrogen
stimulates the repair and thickening of the endometrium
LH
stimulates the development of follicles leading to ovulation
Progesterone
promotes the thickening and maintenance of the endometrium
