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Biology > Unit 2 Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Carbohydrates

A

molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which serve as immediate energy.

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2
Q

Define Lipid

A

molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and in a lesser amount oxygen. They serve as an energy storage molecule and form the cell membrane and also act as hormones. Insoluble in water

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3
Q

Define Protein

A

macromolecules formed from chains of amino acids. They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They can also contain sulfur.

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4
Q

Define Nucleic Acids

A

such as DNA and RNA, are molecules in charge of the genetic information in cells. They are composed of a nitrogenous base joined to a sugar and a phosphate group

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5
Q

all living organisms are created from…

A

carbon compounds such as Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

Metabolism is the

A

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

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7
Q

anabolism is

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

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8
Q

catabolism is

A

the breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules

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9
Q

Heat capacity

A

the energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 Degress C

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10
Q

Heat vaporization

A

the energy required to change 1 g of liquid to vapor

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11
Q

Heat of Fusion

A

is the energy required to change 1 g of solid to liquid

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12
Q

Water

A

H20. 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen joined by covalent bonds. Oxygen is electronegative and hydrogen is electroposotive. The negative part is attracted to the positive forming hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars and are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined together formed by glycosidic bonds (formed by condensation)

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides

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16
Q

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed

A

monosaccharides monomers are joined by condensation reactions

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17
Q

Triglycerides are formed by…

A

condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol

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18
Q

Lactose is found in…

A

the sugar found in Milk. formed by glucose and galactose

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19
Q

Maltose is

A

composed of two glucose and is produced by the hydrolysis of starch. the sugar found in seeds

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20
Q

Fatty acids

A

are formed by long chains of carbons with hydrogen’s attached and an acid group at one end

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

double or triple bonds between two or more carbons

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22
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double or triple bonds

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23
Q

Cis fatty acids

A

have the 2 hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond located on the same side of the chain

24
Q

Trans fatty acids

A

have the two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond located on opposite sides of the chain

25
Q

triglycerides

A

condensation from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

26
Q

Rubisco

A

the enzyme involved in photosynthesis that takes part in carbon dioxide fixation

27
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone that promotes the absorption of glucose by the liver

28
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

globular proteins that function as antibodies. They have a number of roles in the body’s immune defence

29
Q

Rhodopsin

A

a pigment involved in light detection

30
Q

Collagen

A

fibrous protein found in connective tissues

31
Q

spider silk

A

fibrous protein made by spiders to spin their web

32
Q

proteome

A

is all of the proteins produced by a cell, a tissue or an organism

33
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

a method used to separate proteins according to their size

34
Q

Amino Acids

A

the building blocks of proteins. Joined together by condensation in ribosomes to form polypeptides

35
Q

Explain how heat can denature a protein

A

Can modify the three dimensional structure of a protein, thereby affecting its function. In the case of an enzyme such as rubisco, it would cease to catalyse the reaction. When temperature is increased, the increased vibrations within the molecule can cause the interactions between the R groups of different amino acids to be broken, changing the structure of the protein

36
Q

An enzyme…

A

is a globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst

37
Q

A substrate

A

the molecule changed by the enzyme

38
Q

The Active site

A

is the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

39
Q

Denaturation

A

the loss of the tertiary structure of the enzyme

40
Q

Optimum

A

describes the ideal conditions required for an enzyme to work

41
Q

DNA

A

a polymer of nucleotide’s containing the genetic instructions responsible for inheritance. The segments carrying the information are called genes.

42
Q

RNA

A

Is a polymer of nucleotides containing the genetic instructions for protein synthesis

43
Q

Nucleotide

A

is a molecule containing a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base

44
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

A - adenine
G- guanine
C- cytosine
T- thymine
In RNA U-uracil replaces thymine

45
Q

Replication

A

the semi-conservative synthesis of DNA

46
Q

Transcription

A

is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase

47
Q

Translation

A

is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes

48
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds the double helix and separates the two stands by breaking hydrogen bonds

49
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

is the catabolic process through which small amounts of energy in the form of ATP are produced from glucose without the use of oxygen

50
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

the catabolic process involving the use of oxygen through which glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide, water and large amounts of energy in the form of ATP

51
Q

ATP

A

a molecule that is used as a fast source of energy. It is formed by a ribose that has a nitrogenous based joined to carbon 1 and three phosphate groups joined to carbon 5

52
Q

Photosynthesis

A

is the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Light is absorbed by pigments and generates oxygen as a by-product

53
Q

Chlorophyll

A

is a green pigment that absorbs light in most plants

54
Q

Action spectrum

A

a graph of the rate of photosynthesis performed by an organism at different light wavelengths

55
Q

absorption spectrum

A

a graph of the amount of light absorbed by each pigment at different light wavelengths

Biology (9 decks)

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