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health and medicine > Unit 6: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Unit 6: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Mouth

A

Chewing and breakdown of enzymes

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2
Q

Bolus

A

Sphere of digested food that cannot be swallowed

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3
Q

Esophagus

A

Where the bolus gets passed

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4
Q

Stomach

A

Responsible for churning, and breakdown of enzymes (hydrolase)

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5
Q

Chyme

A

Melting down of the bolus

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6
Q

Small Intestine

A

Hydrolysis and the absorption of nutrients

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7
Q

Large Intestine (Colon)

A

Absorption of water, ions, and vitamin K

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8
Q

Rectum

A

Storage of processed foods

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9
Q

Anus

A

Where expulsion occurs

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10
Q

Masticate

A

Chewing

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11
Q

Exterinsic Muscles

A

Elevates and lowers the tip of the tongue and allows us to pull the tongue in and out

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12
Q

Intrinsic Muscles

A

Shortens and widens the tounge

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13
Q

Serous

A

Things rich in enzymes and salted via glands

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14
Q

Mucinous

A

Wets the food to wrap up the bolus

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15
Q

Paroid Glands

A

Releases serous enzymes and 25% salvia

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16
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

Releases 70% salvia and releases serous enzymes

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17
Q

Sublingual Glands

A

Composed of 5% saliva and releases mucin

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18
Q

Von Ebneir Gland

A

Releases less than 5% of saliva and releases lingual lipase

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19
Q

Lingual Lipase

A

Breaks down triglycerides

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20
Q

Alphaamylase

A

Enzyme that takes carbs and breaks it into small carbs to aid digestion

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21
Q

Upper Respiratory Sphincter

A

Muscle under voluntary control composed of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Lower Esophogeal Sphincter

A

Sheet of muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavity

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23
Q

Periostasis

A

The wavelike propulsion of food

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24
Q

Parts of Esophagus

A
  1. Skeletal- Top 1/3
  2. Skeletal and Smooth Muscle- Middle 1/3
  3. Smooth Muscle- Last 1/3
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25
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Releases HCL

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26
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrets pepsinogen

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27
Q

Pepsinogen to Pepsin Reaction

A

Pepsinogen -(HCL)- Pepsin
(Inactive) (Active)

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28
Q

Mucus Cells

A

Release mucin that acts as a coating on the stomach to prevent degradation of stomach from acid

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29
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down proteins

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30
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives chyme and where most digestion occurs

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31
Q

Jejunum

A

Where most absorption of nutrients occurs

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32
Q

Ileum

A

Where important absorption takes place

33
Q

Digestion Process in Duodenum

A
  1. Stomach delivers chyme, HCL
  2. Liver/gall bladder deliver byle
  3. Pancreas delivers digestive enzymes
  4. Brush border enzymes in duodenum get activated
34
Q

Villi

A

Folds inside duodenum that increase surface area for digestion

35
Q

Microvilli

A

Folds on the villi go increase surface area

36
Q

Brush Border

A

Composed of villi and microvilli where brush border enzymes to aid digestion occur

37
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids

38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Repeating units of simple sugars

39
Q

Nucleotides

A

Composed of nucleic acids

40
Q

Fats

A

Composed of triglycerol heads with fatty acid tails

41
Q

Protein Digestion

A
  • Brush border enzymes break down peptide bonds
  • Pancreas brings enzymes that break up proteins, trypsinogrn and chymotripsinogen
42
Q

Enteropeptidase

A

Breaks down trypsinogen to trypsin and chyopepsid to chymotopeptin

43
Q

Carb Digestion

A

Pancreases releases amylase and brush border enzyme lactase

44
Q

Stomach Flu and Lactose

A

Stomach flu viruses can knock off brush border enzymes that cause temporary lactose intolerance

45
Q

Nucleotide Digestion

A

Brush border enzymes via nucleocidase

46
Q

Fat Digestion

A
  • Liver/gallbladder release bile to organize fat
  • Pancreas secretes lipase
47
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

The process of ATP breaking off into ADP on cell membrane to allow protein to enter and go into blood capillary

48
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Allows sugar molecule to go to cell membrane via ion channels and concentration gradients

49
Q

Nucleotide and Fat Transport in Cell

A

Nucleotides- (Primary Active Transport)- Blood capillary

Fats - Diffuse across enterocyte- lymphatic capillary- veins- blood capillary

50
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Fatty acids being carried in enterocyte

51
Q

Liver Functions

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Break down of molecules (catabolism)
  3. Build up of smaller molecules (anabolism)
  4. Storage of nutrients (carbs, fats)
  5. Bile production
52
Q

P450 Enzymes

A

Modifies toxins so they can’t harm our body

53
Q

P450 Enzymes Drug Efficacy

A

Decreases drug efficacy due to removal of toxins, specific dose must be given to counter

54
Q

Portal Vein

A

Supplies liver with nutrient rich blood

55
Q

Proper Hepatic Artery

A

Arterial blood that supplies oxygen rich blood to liver

56
Q

Hepatic Vein

A

Nutrient and oxygen poor blood that leaves the liver

57
Q

Common Hepatic Duct

A

Where bile goes to liver

58
Q

Bile Pigments

A

Things that make the colour of bile

59
Q

Bile Salts

A

Helps to organize and emulsify fat

60
Q

Common Hepatic Duct

A

Where bile comes out of the liver

61
Q

Cystic Duct

A

Where bile flows after Common Hepatic Duct

62
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

63
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Causes gallbladder to contract and squeeze bile out of cystic duct

64
Q

Common Bile Duct

A

Receives bile from Gallbladder into duodenum. Bile salts continually get recycled in this process

65
Q

Peritoneum

A

“Abdomen”

66
Q

Retroperitunem

A

Back of the abdomen

67
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A

Takes salts and enzymes and releases them into duodenum

68
Q

Exocrine Pancreas Chemicals

A
  1. HCO3-: Neutralize gastric acid (HCL)
  2. Amylase: Breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrates
  3. Lipase: Triglycerides- Free Fatty Acids + Monoglycerides + Disaccharides + Glycerol
  4. Proteolyptic Enzymes- Tripsinogrn + Chymotrypsinogen - (Enteropeptidase)- Trypsin + Chymotrypsin
69
Q

Zymogen

A

Inactive enzyme due to presence of a bond that needs to get broken

70
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

Releases hormones into blood stream

71
Q

Alpha-Islet Cells

A

Releases glucagon

72
Q

Glucagon

A

Takes glycogen and breaks it into glucose and breaks down other molecules

73
Q

Beta-Islet Cells

A

House and release insulin

74
Q

Insulin

A

Causes glucose to be stored into glycogen

75
Q

Diabetes

A

Disease that occurs due to too much glucose in the body

76
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

No insulin production

77
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin receptors are broken

78
Q

Delta-Islet Cells

A

Releases Somatostatin

79
Q

Somatostatin

A

Hormones that stopes the jobs of other active hormones

health and medicine (8 decks)

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