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ap psych > Unit 6: Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical cognitive and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

Issues of Developmental Psychology

A

Nature v. nurture
Continuity + stages
Stability + change

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3
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg; enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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4
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

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5
Q

What stage is pregnancy signified by?

A

Embryo

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6
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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7
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

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8
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; the more you’re exposed to something, the less interested you’re into it

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9
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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10
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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11
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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12
Q

Schema was developed by?

A

Jean Piaget

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13
Q

Schema’s are limited by?

A

Experience

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14
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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16
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

The stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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17
Q

Who created the sensorimotor stage theory?

A

Jean Piaget

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18
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (out of sight, out of mind)

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19
Q

Object permanence is not shown in..?

A

young infants, which is why they LOVE peek-a-boo!

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20
Q

Preoperational stage

A

The stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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21
Q

Who created the preoperational stage theory?

A

Jean Piaget

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22
Q

How do kids demonstrate preoperational stage theory?

A

Kids use pretend play to understand logic

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23
Q

Conservation

A

The principal that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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24
Q

Conservation is a principle created by?

A

Jean Piaget, which he believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning

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25
Q

Egocentrism

A

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view (egotistical)

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26
Q

What stage is egocentrism presented in?

A

Preoperational stage

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27
Q

Egocentrism is a principle created by?

A

Jean Piaget

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28
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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29
Q

Why do young kids lack theory of mind?

A

Egocentrism

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30
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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31
Q

Who created the concrete stage theory?

A

Jean Piaget

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32
Q

What is now understood in the concrete stage theory?

A

Conservation

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33
Q

Scaffold

A

Helps children step to higher levels of thinking - builds on previous knowledge and adds onto it

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34
Q

Autism (ASD)

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

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35
Q

What does Autism impair?

A

Theory of mind

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36
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 months of age

37
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

38
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

39
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

40
Q

Strange situation

A

An experiment that showed that infants experience insecure or secure attachment

41
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants show curiosity and are comfortable in mother’s presence

42
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Anxiety/avoidance of trusting relationships

43
Q

Temperament

A

Person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

44
Q

Is temperament learned or innate?

A

Innate characteristic

45
Q

Basic trust

A

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; creates securely attached children

46
Q

Who created the basic trust theory?

A

Erik Erikson

47
Q

Self-concept

A

Our understanding and evaluation of who we are; developed by 12 years old

48
Q

Sex

A

Biological status; XX or XY

49
Q

Gender

A

The socially influences characteristics by which people define male and female

50
Q

Aggression

A

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

51
Q

Relational aggression

A

Ostracism or spreading rumors; aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing (emotional aggression)

52
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

53
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors for males and females

54
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

55
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

56
Q

Social learning theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

57
Q

Androgyny

A

Combination of feminine and masculine characteristics in one person (balance between gender roles)

58
Q

Transgender

A

People whose gender identity differs from their birth sex

59
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

60
Q

Puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

61
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self

62
Q

Social identity

A

The ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept

63
Q

Intimacy

A

Ability to form close, loving relationships; high quality close relationships

64
Q

Who created the term ‘Intimacy’?

A

Erik Erikson

65
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

A period from the late teens to mid twenties (no longer adolescence but lack full independence)

66
Q

X chromosome

A

Sex chromosome in both men and women

67
Q

Y chromosome

A

Sex chromosome in men

68
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important of male sex hormones

69
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia)

70
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female: breasts, hips male: deep voice, body hair)

71
Q

Menarche & spermarche

A

The first menstrual period or ejaculation

72
Q

Who created the term ‘identity’?

A

Erik Erikson

73
Q

Intersex

A

Physical combinations of male and female physical features

74
Q

AIDS

A

Sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV

75
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

76
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

77
Q

Social clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

78
Q

Authoritarian

A

Parents impose rules and expect obedience
No choices
Demanding, but not responsive

Leads to an inability to make decisions, because you’ve never been allowed to
Tends to be damaging to self-confidence, lead to rebellion, not fully understand the consequences of their actions/decisions, because they aren’t making them themselves

79
Q

Permissive/Indulgent

A

Submit to children’s desires, makes few demands, use little punishment
Responsive, but not demanding
Children do not learn limits, because they’ve never had any

80
Q

Authoritative

A

Both demanding and responsive, allow choices
Set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Leads to more well-rounded children and adults, who can confidently make their own decisions

81
Q

Who created the theory of mind?

A

Lev Vygotsky

82
Q

Who developed the term ‘scaffold’?

A

Lev Vygotsky

83
Q

What did Harry & Margaret Harlow do?

A

Researched attachment in children and animals

84
Q

Who developed the concept of imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz

85
Q

Who created the strange situation experiment?

A

Mary Ainsworth

86
Q

What did Diana Baumrind do?

A

Researched parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive)

87
Q

What did Carol Gilligan do?

A

Studied gender and social connectedness

88
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Moral ‘ladder’, moral development (Preconventional, conventional, post conventional)

ap psych (4 decks)

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