unit 6- criminality and social policy Flashcards
what does the term policy means
a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual
what is primary prevention
aims to identify and treat problems and disorders before they potentially lead to crime
what are 5 examples of primary prevention
- mental health support
- schools
- counselling
- substance abuse clinics
- social workers
what is secondary prevention
used after a crime has been committed. these include treatments or therapies for offenders who’ve been involved with the criminal justice system
what are 3 examples of secondary prevention
- substance abuse clinics
- sex offender treatment
- anger management training
what is formal policy making
it is linked to ideas to prevent crime
what is informal policy making
linked to non official ideas
what is an example of formal policy making
prison sentences
what is an example of informal policy making
family rules
what does the term crime control policy
refers to the laws, regulations and other governmental actions that are designed to reduce crime
what 2 processes can influence the brains biochemical process and behaviour
drugs and alcohol
what did Virkkunen et al (1987) and schoenthaler (1982) say about diet and serotonin
they said having low levels have impulse behaviour patterns
what is the function of serotonin in our body
regulate mood and social behaviour
what are eugenics
set of beliefs and practises that aim to improve genetic quality of the human population
who came up with the idea of eugenics and when did they
francis galton in 1865
what was the issue of who the sterilisation was being used on
it was being used on the mentally handicapped
what are 4 offences where the death penalty is a punishment
- murder
- treason
- espionage
- large scale drug trafficking
how can crime be controlled using the death penalty
it may act as a deterant
what is an issue with the death penalty
in some countries it has been used to punish political parties
who came up with psychoanalysis and what year
sigmund freud, 1896
what are the two types of mind mentioned in psychoanalysis
conscious and unconscious
what is meant by dream analysis
freud believes that all dreams are significant and if they are analyses appropriately, it could give us clues as to the contents of the unconscious mind
what is meant by free association
patients are encouraged to lie comfortably on a couch and speak aloud any thoughts that come into their head. repressed memories may slip out without thinking
what is the freudian slip
the times that a person uses one word but means another. freud analyses the wrong words to uncover the unconscious thoughts.
what are the strengths of the diet policy
there has been research done which will act as a starting point
what are the weaknesses of the diet policy
there are many other factors that may result in criminal behaviour
what are the strengths of the eugenics policy
if done correctly, they may have been able to isolate or get rid of the criminal gene
what are the weaknesses of the eugenics policy
the testing was done inhumanely, may be expensive for genetic engineering
what are the strengths of the death penalty policy
it may deter some people due to the harsh punishment
what are the weaknesses of the death penalty policy
if it is being used incorrectly and as a tool, that isn’t fair
what is meant by the term behaviour modification
where you try and modify the behaviour to promote desirable behaviours
what is meant by the token economy
the currency for prisoners and if they have good behaviour they get rewarded.
when do they give a token to the prisoner
when the prisoner has good behaviour
how does the prisoner use the token
they exchange it for something they’d like
what is cognitive preparation
offender analyses when they get angry
what is skills acquisition
the offender learns how to manage their anger
what is application practise
offender get to try out their newly learnt skills in a controlled and non threatening environment
what are the strengths of the psychoanalysis policy
can uncover unconscious thoughts
what are the weaknesses of the psychoanalysis policy
memories that have been pushed down may re surface
what are the strengths of the behaviour modification policy
can encourage the criminals to copy good behaviour
what are the weaknesses of the behaviour modification policy
it doesn’t work for none serious offences
what are the strengths of the anger management policy
can help the criminal to find ways to control the anger
what are the weaknesses of the anger management policy
may not work for some criminals
what is meant by the term penal populism
refers to the government attempt to propose laws that punish offenders that they believe will popular with the general public
what murder did david wilson say causes public outrage and cause harsher prison sentences
james bulger
in 1993, who made a pledge to be tough on crime
tony blair
why did david say the public think prison is too tough or too comfortable
public doesn’t know what its like as they rely on tv programmes
what three audiences is the prison system trying to be legititmate to and why does this cause issues
public, prison staff and prisoners. trying to make it legitimate for one audiences causes conflict to the other
what does the term concurrent sentencing mean
they are served at the same time
what does the term consecutive sentencing mean
they are served one after the other
what does the term suspended sentencing mean
carried out in the community
what does the term determinate sentencing mean
for a fixed length of time
what does the term indeterminate sentencing mean
doesn’t have a fixed length
what percent of prisoners went to re offend within a year
70%
what does the term zero tolerance mean
not tolerating anything and being strict
who and where was the zero tolerance policy pioneered
bill braton and new york
what view is the zero tolerance policy
right realist view
what is the zero tolerance policy based upon
the concept of giving carte Blanche to the police for the inflexible repression of minor offences
what is problem with using zero tolerance policy
people say it’ll fail because it destroys several requisites for successful community policing
what is meant by the term restorative justice
brings justice to those harmed by crime/ conflict and those responsible for the harm into communication
what are 3 examples of restorative justice
- victim to offender dialogue
- family group conferencing
- restorative conferences
what is victim to offender dialogue
where the offender has the chance to talk to the victim
what is family group conferencing
mostly used in juvenile cases to show the importance of family
what is restorative conferences
these are where the victim, offender and members of local community, they will talk
what percent of victims were satisfied with the restorative justice
85%
by what percent was restorative justice shown to reduce re offending by in a government report
14%
what does section 5 of the crime and disorder act 1998 do
places a statutory obligation on local authorities and police to form multi agency partnerships in order to reduce crime and disorder across the local authority area
what are 4 examples of a multi agency
- police
- probation
- primary care trusts
- social services
what is the strength of the penal populism
acts as a deterant
what is the weaknesses of the penal populism
legitimising it causes conflict
what is the strength of the prison
tries to reform criminals
what is the weaknesses of the prison
costs lots of money to put people in prison
what is the strength of the zero tolerance
stops the broken windows theory from happening
what is the weaknesses of the zero tolerance
certain people in the public feel targeted
what is the strength of the restorative justice
it is proven to work
what is the weaknesses of the restorative justice
may be sensitive for the victim
what is the strength of the CCTV
it is good evidence in court
what is the weaknesses of the CCTV
it can be costly to install the CCTV
what is the strength of the multi agency approach
can act as a prevention scheme
what is the weaknesses of the multi agency approach
the people may not want the help or it may be too late
what happened in 1928 to do with womens rights
women can now vote at the age of 21
what happened in 1945 (WWII) to do with womens rights
at the end of the war there was 460,000 women in the military and over 6.5 million in civilian war work
what happened in 1967 to do with womens rights
legalised abortion in the uk
what happened in 1970 to do with womens rights
the first british conferences of the womens liberation movement in oxford resolved press for employment legislation
what happened in 1975 to do with womens rights
the equal pay act and sex discrimination act come into effect and equal opportunities commission established
what is a newspaper campaign
the campaign to change the law
what is an examples of a newspaper campaign
justice for micheal, he was beaten and died of his injuries but because he died after 366 days the person wasnt able to be charged with murder, the campaign changed that
what is an individual campaign
started by a single person who feels strongly about that particular issue/ act they are campaigning for change in policy about
what is an example of an individual campaign
julie hogg was murdered, the offender wasnt able to trialled again due to the double jeopardy rule, the mother, ann ming campaigned to change this
what is an pressure group campaign
organisations that try to influence government policies in the interest of a particular cause, by gaining public support and putting pressure on politicians
what is an examples of a pressure group campaign
protection against stalking, they wanted to make stalking a specific offence and they got this in 2012
