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criminology unit 2 > unit 6- criminality and social policy > Flashcards

unit 6- criminality and social policy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term policy means

A

a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual

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2
Q

what is primary prevention

A

aims to identify and treat problems and disorders before they potentially lead to crime

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3
Q

what are 5 examples of primary prevention

A
  • mental health support
  • schools
  • counselling
  • substance abuse clinics
  • social workers
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4
Q

what is secondary prevention

A

used after a crime has been committed. these include treatments or therapies for offenders who’ve been involved with the criminal justice system

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5
Q

what are 3 examples of secondary prevention

A
  • substance abuse clinics
  • sex offender treatment
  • anger management training
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6
Q

what is formal policy making

A

it is linked to ideas to prevent crime

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7
Q

what is informal policy making

A

linked to non official ideas

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8
Q

what is an example of formal policy making

A

prison sentences

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9
Q

what is an example of informal policy making

A

family rules

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10
Q

what does the term crime control policy

A

refers to the laws, regulations and other governmental actions that are designed to reduce crime

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11
Q

what 2 processes can influence the brains biochemical process and behaviour

A

drugs and alcohol

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12
Q

what did Virkkunen et al (1987) and schoenthaler (1982) say about diet and serotonin

A

they said having low levels have impulse behaviour patterns

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13
Q

what is the function of serotonin in our body

A

regulate mood and social behaviour

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14
Q

what are eugenics

A

set of beliefs and practises that aim to improve genetic quality of the human population

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15
Q

who came up with the idea of eugenics and when did they

A

francis galton in 1865

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16
Q

what was the issue of who the sterilisation was being used on

A

it was being used on the mentally handicapped

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17
Q

what are 4 offences where the death penalty is a punishment

A
  • murder
  • treason
  • espionage
  • large scale drug trafficking
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18
Q

how can crime be controlled using the death penalty

A

it may act as a deterant

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19
Q

what is an issue with the death penalty

A

in some countries it has been used to punish political parties

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20
Q

who came up with psychoanalysis and what year

A

sigmund freud, 1896

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21
Q

what are the two types of mind mentioned in psychoanalysis

A

conscious and unconscious

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22
Q

what is meant by dream analysis

A

freud believes that all dreams are significant and if they are analyses appropriately, it could give us clues as to the contents of the unconscious mind

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23
Q

what is meant by free association

A

patients are encouraged to lie comfortably on a couch and speak aloud any thoughts that come into their head. repressed memories may slip out without thinking

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24
Q

what is the freudian slip

A

the times that a person uses one word but means another. freud analyses the wrong words to uncover the unconscious thoughts.

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25
Q

what are the strengths of the diet policy

A

there has been research done which will act as a starting point

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26
Q

what are the weaknesses of the diet policy

A

there are many other factors that may result in criminal behaviour

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27
Q

what are the strengths of the eugenics policy

A

if done correctly, they may have been able to isolate or get rid of the criminal gene

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28
Q

what are the weaknesses of the eugenics policy

A

the testing was done inhumanely, may be expensive for genetic engineering

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29
Q

what are the strengths of the death penalty policy

A

it may deter some people due to the harsh punishment

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30
Q

what are the weaknesses of the death penalty policy

A

if it is being used incorrectly and as a tool, that isn’t fair

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31
Q

what is meant by the term behaviour modification

A

where you try and modify the behaviour to promote desirable behaviours

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32
Q

what is meant by the token economy

A

the currency for prisoners and if they have good behaviour they get rewarded.

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33
Q

when do they give a token to the prisoner

A

when the prisoner has good behaviour

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34
Q

how does the prisoner use the token

A

they exchange it for something they’d like

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35
Q

what is cognitive preparation

A

offender analyses when they get angry

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36
Q

what is skills acquisition

A

the offender learns how to manage their anger

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37
Q

what is application practise

A

offender get to try out their newly learnt skills in a controlled and non threatening environment

38
Q

what are the strengths of the psychoanalysis policy

A

can uncover unconscious thoughts

39
Q

what are the weaknesses of the psychoanalysis policy

A

memories that have been pushed down may re surface

40
Q

what are the strengths of the behaviour modification policy

A

can encourage the criminals to copy good behaviour

41
Q

what are the weaknesses of the behaviour modification policy

A

it doesn’t work for none serious offences

42
Q

what are the strengths of the anger management policy

A

can help the criminal to find ways to control the anger

43
Q

what are the weaknesses of the anger management policy

A

may not work for some criminals

44
Q

what is meant by the term penal populism

A

refers to the government attempt to propose laws that punish offenders that they believe will popular with the general public

45
Q

what murder did david wilson say causes public outrage and cause harsher prison sentences

A

james bulger

46
Q

in 1993, who made a pledge to be tough on crime

A

tony blair

47
Q

why did david say the public think prison is too tough or too comfortable

A

public doesn’t know what its like as they rely on tv programmes

48
Q

what three audiences is the prison system trying to be legititmate to and why does this cause issues

A

public, prison staff and prisoners. trying to make it legitimate for one audiences causes conflict to the other

49
Q

what does the term concurrent sentencing mean

A

they are served at the same time

50
Q

what does the term consecutive sentencing mean

A

they are served one after the other

51
Q

what does the term suspended sentencing mean

A

carried out in the community

52
Q

what does the term determinate sentencing mean

A

for a fixed length of time

53
Q

what does the term indeterminate sentencing mean

A

doesn’t have a fixed length

54
Q

what percent of prisoners went to re offend within a year

A

70%

55
Q

what does the term zero tolerance mean

A

not tolerating anything and being strict

56
Q

who and where was the zero tolerance policy pioneered

A

bill braton and new york

57
Q

what view is the zero tolerance policy

A

right realist view

58
Q

what is the zero tolerance policy based upon

A

the concept of giving carte Blanche to the police for the inflexible repression of minor offences

59
Q

what is problem with using zero tolerance policy

A

people say it’ll fail because it destroys several requisites for successful community policing

60
Q

what is meant by the term restorative justice

A

brings justice to those harmed by crime/ conflict and those responsible for the harm into communication

61
Q

what are 3 examples of restorative justice

A
  • victim to offender dialogue
  • family group conferencing
  • restorative conferences
62
Q

what is victim to offender dialogue

A

where the offender has the chance to talk to the victim

63
Q

what is family group conferencing

A

mostly used in juvenile cases to show the importance of family

64
Q

what is restorative conferences

A

these are where the victim, offender and members of local community, they will talk

65
Q

what percent of victims were satisfied with the restorative justice

A

85%

66
Q

by what percent was restorative justice shown to reduce re offending by in a government report

A

14%

67
Q

what does section 5 of the crime and disorder act 1998 do

A

places a statutory obligation on local authorities and police to form multi agency partnerships in order to reduce crime and disorder across the local authority area

68
Q

what are 4 examples of a multi agency

A
  • police
  • probation
  • primary care trusts
  • social services
69
Q

what is the strength of the penal populism

A

acts as a deterant

70
Q

what is the weaknesses of the penal populism

A

legitimising it causes conflict

71
Q

what is the strength of the prison

A

tries to reform criminals

72
Q

what is the weaknesses of the prison

A

costs lots of money to put people in prison

73
Q

what is the strength of the zero tolerance

A

stops the broken windows theory from happening

74
Q

what is the weaknesses of the zero tolerance

A

certain people in the public feel targeted

75
Q

what is the strength of the restorative justice

A

it is proven to work

76
Q

what is the weaknesses of the restorative justice

A

may be sensitive for the victim

77
Q

what is the strength of the CCTV

A

it is good evidence in court

78
Q

what is the weaknesses of the CCTV

A

it can be costly to install the CCTV

79
Q

what is the strength of the multi agency approach

A

can act as a prevention scheme

80
Q

what is the weaknesses of the multi agency approach

A

the people may not want the help or it may be too late

81
Q

what happened in 1928 to do with womens rights

A

women can now vote at the age of 21

82
Q

what happened in 1945 (WWII) to do with womens rights

A

at the end of the war there was 460,000 women in the military and over 6.5 million in civilian war work

83
Q

what happened in 1967 to do with womens rights

A

legalised abortion in the uk

84
Q

what happened in 1970 to do with womens rights

A

the first british conferences of the womens liberation movement in oxford resolved press for employment legislation

85
Q

what happened in 1975 to do with womens rights

A

the equal pay act and sex discrimination act come into effect and equal opportunities commission established

86
Q

what is a newspaper campaign

A

the campaign to change the law

87
Q

what is an examples of a newspaper campaign

A

justice for micheal, he was beaten and died of his injuries but because he died after 366 days the person wasnt able to be charged with murder, the campaign changed that

88
Q

what is an individual campaign

A

started by a single person who feels strongly about that particular issue/ act they are campaigning for change in policy about

89
Q

what is an example of an individual campaign

A

julie hogg was murdered, the offender wasnt able to trialled again due to the double jeopardy rule, the mother, ann ming campaigned to change this

90
Q

what is an pressure group campaign

A

organisations that try to influence government policies in the interest of a particular cause, by gaining public support and putting pressure on politicians

91
Q

what is an examples of a pressure group campaign

A

protection against stalking, they wanted to make stalking a specific offence and they got this in 2012

criminology unit 2 (3 decks)

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