Unit 6 Bio Vocab Flashcards
DNA
a nucleic acid
Deoxyribose
the sugar “for” DNA
nucleotide
what DNA is made of
nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is _________ acid.
3 parts of a nucleotide
contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose/deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate.
double helix
the shape of DNA
“backbone” of DNA
A sugar-phosphate backbone is what combines together nucleotides in a DNA sequence
hydrogen bonds
these bonds are very weak
“rungs” of DNA
thymine (T), adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
adenine
“A”
cytosine
“C”
guanine
“G”
thymine
“T”
complementary base pair
A with T ; C with G
chargoff’s Rule
Should have equal amounts for base pairs
Semi-conservative
when DNA copies itself, always has ½ paternal & ½ daughter strand.
DNA replication
happens during the s phase (interphase)
Mutation
changes in genetic code
Point mutation
a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
Deletion mutation
type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material
Frameshift mutation
an insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three
substitution mutation
when a nucleotide base is changed.
Insertion mutation
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA
Translation
links amino acids together to make a protein
protein synthesis
Transcription
turns DNA into a mRNA message
amino acid
molecules used by all living things to make proteins
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
enzyme
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
ribonucleic acid
RNA
template
a single-stranded nucleic acid
uracil
one of the four nucleotide bases in RNA; instead of t
mRNA
Messenger RNA
rRNA
makes up ribosomes
tRNA
links amino acids together
Codon
each _______ is a code for a certain amino acid
Anticodon
nucleotide present in tRNA
stop codon
a sequence of three nucleotides
start codon
marks the beginning of a protein and where translation needs to begin.
Polypeptide
A substance that contains many amino acids
peptide bonds
a bond connecting two amino acids
codon chart
shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.
Trait
a specific characteristic of an individual
Gene
made up of sequences of DNA.
