Unit 6 and 7 Flashcards
Mixed-Use Development (MUD)
single planned development designed to include multiple uses
Transportation-Oriented Development
dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station
Smart-Growth Policies
policies that aim to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible
New Urbanism
an urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types
Slow Growth Cities
Cities slow the pace of development to retain sense of place and preserve open space.
Blockbusting
When real estate agents would stir up concern that African-American families would soon move into a neighborhood to convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices
Redlining
When a lending institution refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic makeup
Filtering
A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment
Zones of Abandonment
Urban areas that do not have residential or commercial structures
Eminent Domain
The power of the government to take private property and convert it into public use
Urban area
The region surrounding a city
Metropolitan area
A city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city
Urban sprawl
Urban areas expand in an unplanned and uncontrolled way.
Edge city
A city that is located on the outskirts of a larger city
Boomburg
A suburb that has grown rapidly into a large, sprawling city with 100,000+ residents.
Exurb
A fast-growing community outside or on the edge of a metropolitan area.
Infill
Redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas that are already served by transportation and other public infrastructure
Range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Threshold
the minimum number of people required to support the service
Megacity
A metropolitan area with a population of more than 10 million people.
Metacity
A metropolitan area with a population of more than 20 million
Agglomeration
The tendency of enterprises in the same industry to cluster in the same area
Break-of-Bulk Point
Location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further
Bulk-Reducing industry
Industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods
Bulk-Gaining Industry
Industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials
Dual economies
Economies with two distinct distributions of economic activity across the economic sectors
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of the goods and services produced by the countries citizens and companies within the country in a year
Industrial revolution
The radical change in manufacturing methods that began on Great Britain in the mid-18th century and was marked by the shift from small-scale hand-crafted, muscle-powered production to power-driven mass production
Least-cost Theory
Industrial location theory proposed by Alfred Weber suggesting that businesses locate their facilities in a particular place because that location minimizes the costs of production
Primary sector
Economic sector associated with removing or harvesting products from the Earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gas
Quaternary sector
Economic sector that is a subset of tertiary sector activities that requires workers to process and handle information and environmental technology
Quinary sector
Economic sector that is the subset of the Quaternary sector: involves the very top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and media
Raw Materials
any metals, wood, or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods
Secondary Sector
economic sector associated with the production of goods from raw materials, includes manufacturing, processing, and construction
Tertiary sector
economic sector that includes a host of activities that involve the transport, storage, marketing, and selling of goods or services; also called the service sector
Commodity dependence
an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60% of a countries export’s and economic health are tied to one or two resources
Dependency theory
a theory that describes the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have with richer countries
Formal sector
businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed.
Gender Development Index (GDI)
a measure that calculates gender disparity in the three basic dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a measure that calculates Inequality based on three categories: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation
Gross National Income (GNI)
the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population
Gross National Product (GNP)
the total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year
Human Development Index (HDI)
a measure that determines the overall development of a country by incorporating three key dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, access to education measured in expected and mean years of schooling, and standard of living measured by GNI per capita
Informal sector
any part of a country’s economy that is outside of government monitoring or regulation; sometimes called the informal economy
Labor-Market Participation (LMP)
rate the measures an economy’s active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age population
Microloan
A very small short-term loan with low interest intended to help people in need.
Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
An area within a country that is subject to more favorable regulations (usually including the elimination of tariffs) to encourage foreign investments and the manufacturing of goods for export.
Fordism
A highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production; named after Henry Ford
Free Trade Zone (FTZ)
A relatively large geographical area within a country in which businesses pay few or no tariffs on good to encourage or facilitate its role in international trade.
Just-in-Time Delivery
A system in which gods are delivered as needed so that companies keep in inventory only what is needed for near-term production.
Multiplier Effect
The economic effect in which a change creates a larger change, such as when a new manufacturing plant grows the economy by giving rise to more related jobs and services.
Neoliberalism
Beliefs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from government.
Offshore Outsourcing
The condition when one or more aspects of production moves to an organization in another country.
Post-fordism
System focused on small-scale batched production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market.
Special Economic Zone (SPZ)
An area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations (such as tax benefits or no tariffs) to attract foreign businesses.
