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Biochemistry II > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What amino acids must be obtained as a dietary protein?

A

Essential amino acids

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2
Q

What amino acids are required to some degree in young, growing animals and/or sometimes during illness?

A

Conditionally essential

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3
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Alanine

Asparagine

Aspartate

Glutamate

Serine

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4
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids

A

Arginine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Tyrosine

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5
Q

Essential amino acids:

A

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

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6
Q

Foods with lysine as the limiting amino acid

A

Nuts and grains

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7
Q

Foods with methionine as the limiting amino acid

A

Vegetables and legumes

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8
Q

Intermediates of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

3 phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Erythrose 4-phosphate

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9
Q

Intemediates of citric acid cycle

A

Alpha-ketogluterate

Oxaloacetate

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10
Q

Intermediate of penthouse phosphate pathway

A

Ribose 5-phosphate

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11
Q

Amino acid biosynthetic families for alpha-ketogluterate

A

Glutamate

Glutamine

Proline

Arginine

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12
Q

Amino acids families for 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Serine

Glycine

Cysteine

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13
Q

Amino acid biosynthetic families for oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate

Asparagine

Methionine

Threonine

Lysine

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14
Q

Amino acid biosynthetic families for pyruvate

A

Alanine

Valine

Leucine

Isoleucine

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15
Q

Amino acid biosynthetic families for phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate

A

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

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16
Q

Amino acid biosynthetic families for ribose 5-phosphate

A

Histidine

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17
Q

90% of energy needs of carnivores can be met by:

A

Amino acids after a meal

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18
Q

Metabolic circumstances of amino acid oxidation

A

Leftover amino acids from normal protein turnover

Dietary amino acids that exceed body’s protein synthesis needs

19
Q

Proteins in the body can be broken down to supply amino acids for ______ when carbohydrates are scarce. Give examples

A

Energy

Starvation, diabetes mellitus

20
Q

_____ digests protein into peptides in the stomach

A

Pepsin

21
Q

_____ and _______ degrade proteins and larger peptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

22
Q

_______ and _______ degrade peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

A

Aminopeptidase

Carboxypeptidases A and B

23
Q

The hormone ____ cause parietal cells and chief cells to secrete their products

A

Gastrin

24
Q

The cytoplasm of exocrine cells is completely filled with ___ ___, which is the site of synthesis of the ______ of many digestive enzymes

A

Rough ER

Zymogens

25
Q

Zymogens are concentrated in what?

A

Membrane-enclosed transport particles called zymogens granules

26
Q

How are zymogens released into the lumen of the collecting duct?

A

The plasma membrane fuses with the zymogen granule membrane.

They are released by exocytosis

27
Q

In the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed through the _______ layer of the vile and enter the _____

A

Epithelial cell layer (intestinal mucosa)

Capillaries

28
Q

Products of lipid hydrolysis in the small intestine enter they _____ system after their absorption by the _____ _____

A

Lymphatic

Intestinal mucosa

29
Q

Trypsin is activated by ________

A

Enteropeptidase

30
Q

What activates the other enzymes in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin

31
Q

Trypsin cleaves at:

A

Arginine and lysine

32
Q

Chymotripsin cleaves at

A 
Trp
Tyr
Phe
Met
Leu
33
Q

Elastase cleaves at:

A

Alanine
Glycine
And serine

34
Q

Carboxypeptidase A cleaves at

A

Alanine
Ile
Leucine
and Val

35
Q

Carboxypeptidase B cleaves at:

A

Arg and Lys

36
Q

Abnormalities in protein digestion

A

Pancreatic dysfunction

Celiac disease

37
Q

Types of pancreatic dysfunction

A

Cystic fibrosis

Pancreatitis

38
Q

Transamination is the transfer of the _____ group from amino acid to _______.
This results in the formation of:

A

NH3

alpha-ketogluterate

Glutamate and alpha-keto acid

39
Q

Transamination is catalyzed by:

A

Aminotransferases

40
Q

Cofactor for transamination

A

Pyrioxal phosphate

41
Q

What serve as amino acid/keto pairs in transamination reactions?

A

Glutamate and alpha-ketogluterate

What is the carrier of and a temporary reservoir of NH3?

42
Q

_____ ______ uses PLP and alpha-ketogluterate / glutamate pair and generates alanine and pyruvate

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

43
Q

________ ______ uses PLP and alpha-ketogluterate / glutamate pair to form aspartate and oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

44
Q

Aminotransferases are biomarkers of:

A

Hepatic disease and trauma (liver function tests)

And skeletal and cardiac muscle trauma

Biochemistry II (7 decks)

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