Unit 1 Flashcards
Glycolysis is what type of reaction?
Catabolic
Glycolysis creates: (3)
Pyruvate
ATP
NADH
Glycolysis has ___ phases
2
1st step of glycolysis
First priming reaction
1- catalyzed by hexikinase, takes in ATP and converts glucose into glucose 6 phosphate
This is regulatory (one direction)
2nd step of glycolysis
Use phosphohexose isomerase to transfer glucose-6 phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate
This can go in both directions
3rd step of glycolysis:
AKA second priming reaction
Fructose 6-phosphate takes in ATP and phospho-fructosekinase-1 to form ADP and Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
This is regulatory (one direction)
4th step of glycolysis
Cleavage of 6-carbon sugar phosphate to two 3-carbon sugar phosphates
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate takes in aldolase to generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
This can go in both directions
6th step of glycolysis
Payoff phase- oxidative conversion of glyceradehyde 3 phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATD and NADH
Glyceradehyde 3-phosphate takes in glyceradehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase takes in 2P and 2NAD+ to produce 2NAHH+ @H+ and 1,2-biphosphoglycerate.
This is a redox reaction- undergoes oxydation and phosphorlylation, and can go in both directions
7th step of glycolysis
First ATP forming reaction
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate takes in phosphogluycerate mutase and 2 ADP to create 2 ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
This is reversible
8th step of glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerate takes in phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
9th step of glycolysis
2-phosphoglycerate takes in enolase. Releases 2H2O. Forms phosphoenolpyruvate. This is reversible.
10th (final) step o glycolysis
Second ATP-forming reaction (substrate-level phosphorylation)
Phosphoenolpyruvate takes in 2ADP and pyruvate kinase. Releases 2 ATP and forms Pyruvate
5th step of glycolysis
Glyceradehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate creates more glyceradehyde 3-phosphate by taking in triode phosphate isomerase
In phosphohexose isomerization, C1 of fructose:
Is easier to phosphorylation by PFK
A(n) ________ can isomerize into a(n) ________ via an enediol intermediate
Aldose (glucose)
Ketoses (fructose)
First committed step of glycolysis
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is committed to become pyruvate and yield energy
PFK-1 is a:
Regulatory enzyme
Regulated by ATP, Fructose-2,6-biphosphate, and other metabolites.
Will not burn glucose if there is plenty of ATP
First ATP-forming reaction, AKA:
Substrate- level phosphorylation
(2) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate takes in 2ADP and phosphoglycerate kinase. 2 ATP is formed here
In glycolysis, Glucose works to create:
2Pyruvate
Requirement for all ATP required reactions
Magnesium
Purpose of phosphorylation of glucose
Traps glucose inside the cell
Lowers intracellular glucose concentration to allow further uptake
Purpose of phosphohexose isomerization
C1 of fructose is easier to phosphorylate by PFK
Allows for symmetrical cleave by aldolase
2nd ATP requiring step of glycolysis
Step 3: 2nd priming phosphorylation
In energy status of ATP is high after step 3 of glycolysis:
The pathway is inhibited
1 molecule of NADH can undergo reactions to create:
2.5 ATP molecules
What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?
Phosphoglycerate will undergo transformation, rearranges the phosphate group from C3 to C2.
What is used in glycolysis? What is made?
Used: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2NAD+
Made: 2 Pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH
Purpose of glycolysis
Ensure proper use of nutrients
Ensure production of ATP only when needed
What happens to glycolysis in tumor cells?
It occurs at elevated rates. This is due to its sensitivity of low levels of oxygen
