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Intro to Psych > Unit 6,7, 8 > Flashcards

Unit 6,7, 8 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is emotion?

A
  • feeling that differs from an individual’s typical state
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2
Q

3 central features

A
  • change in physiological arousal
  • affective component (change in mood)
  • motivation to behave or act (expressive behavior)
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3
Q

Walter Cannon (neurobiological)

A

stress as a stimulus (stressor)

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4
Q

Types of stressors

A
  • Catastrophic events
  • chronic conditions
  • natural disasters
  • also described: “fight or flight” response
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5
Q

Hans Selye (behavioral; neurobiological)

A

stress as a response (strain)

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6
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (CAS)

A
  • Alarm (prepare to fight stressor)
  • Resistance (period body actively fights stressor)
  • Exhaustion (body no longer able to fight stressor)
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7
Q

Lazarus (cognitive)

A

the difference between the perceived demands of stimulation and the perceived resources available

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8
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

1) Benign positive
2) Irrelevant
3) stressful
- potentially harmful
-potentially threatening
-potentially challenging

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9
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A
  • How do I deal with this?
  • what are your resources?
  • How many resources be implemented?
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10
Q

Reappraisal

A
  • New information acquired
  • What happens when we receive new information?
  • Decrease stress
  • Have no effect on stress
  • Increase stress
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11
Q

Other factors to consider

A
  • Hassles (low intensity)
  • Uplifts (regularly, decrease stress)
  • Examples of Hassles:
  • Health
    -yardwork
    -homework
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12
Q

Type A behavior Pattern

A
  • Excessive competitive drive
  • High aggression
  • Intense sense of time urgency
  • Friedman and Rosenman (1974)
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13
Q

Type A behavior: Common Factors

A
  • a long list of things to do
  • never enough time to complete everything on the list
  • easily frustrated when events prevent them from making progress
  • tend to get a little satisfaction when a task is completed
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14
Q

Type A and Coronary Disease

A
  • related to disease
  • reactions to stress:
  • high blood pressure
  • High heart rate
  • Hostility and anger may b most important risk factors
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15
Q

PTSD

A
  • Traumatic events
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16
Q

PTSD: Symptoms

A
  • Flashbacks, nightmares
  • Lack of feeling, decreased responsiveness
  • changes in personal relationships
  • Impotence (sexual disfunction)
  • Exaggerated aggression
  • Sleeping difficulties
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17
Q

Learned helplessness

A
  • not be able to predict
  • not be able to control
  • responding doesn’t result in good outcomes
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18
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

1) Problem focused
2) Emotion focused
3) Avoidance

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19
Q

Problem Focused

A
  • try to handle the stressor itself
  • predictability and control
    -ex: study groups, SAA’s
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20
Q

Emotion Focused

A
  • attempts to alter thoughts about the situation
  • reduce the unpleasant emotional consequences of stress
  • Ex: “ thoughts and prayers” and “ we send our best wishes”
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21
Q

Avoidance

A
  • Behavioral avoidance (removing ourselves)
  • Cognitive avoidance (not thinking about the situation)
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22
Q

The Buffering Hypothesis

A
  • Support protects us against the adverse effects of stress
  • If experiences stress, it should help
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23
Q

Direct Effects Hypothesis

A
  • Support is beneficial to health regardless of how much stress people experience
    -Assumption: effects social support are similar under high and low stressors
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24
Q

3 Theories of Emotion

A
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Schachter-signer two factor theory
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25
James-Lange Theory
1) Stimulus 2) response 3) Emotion
26
Cannon-Bard Theory
1) Stimulus 2) physiological response and emotion occur at the same time
27
Schachter-signer two factor theory
1) Stimulus 2) Physiological response (arousal) 3) Attribute 4) Emotion
28
Consciousness
- Awareness or perception of ourselves and our environment - Understanding and realizing
29
Beta Waves
- occurs when a person is alert and attentive - Desynchronous
30
Alpha Waves
- More prevalent when the eyes are closed - More prevalent when we are relaxed - Synchronous
31
Slow-Wave Sleep
AKA non-REM sleep
32
SWS: Stage 1
- Transition between wakefulness and sleep - EEG: Theta Waves
33
SWS: Stage 2
- Sleeping soundly - EEG: Sleep spindles and K complexes (keep us alseep)
34
SWS: Stage 3
- EEG: Delta waves (large and slow waves - Delta waves present 20% to 50% of the time
35
SWS: Stage 4
- EEG: Delta waves are present more than 50%
36
REM Sleep
- Rapid Eye Movement - EEG: Beta and theta activity - Heartrate and blood pressure increase in REM sleep - Major muscle inhabited
37
Dreaming: REM vs. SWS
- Frequency: dream more likely in REM sleep -Details: REM dreams are detailed, bizarre, and more likely to be remembered
38
Why do we dream?
- Psychodynamic perspective: manifest content (storyline in a dream), latent content (underlining meaning of dream), not much evidence - Cognitive Perspective: much more evidence, sleep important for memory formation, REM
39
Sleep Deprivation
- Decrements in performance? No- something that is exciting --> more performance, Yes- boring and something not new
40
Insomnia
- Inability to get enough sleep - Anxiety, depression, cognitive issues
41
Sleep Apnea
- The person will be asleep and then stop breathing - Receptors in mandulla will control oxygen - Occurs very early or chronic condition
42
SWS Disorders
- Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) - Nocturnal Enuresis (Bed wetting) - Pavor nocturnos (night terrors) - Occurs in stage 3 or 4
43
REM Behavior Disorder
- Occurs in REM Sleep - person acts out their dreams
44
Lucid Dreaming
- Occurs in REM Sleep - wakefulness invades REM sleep
45
Narcolepsy
- Opposite of lucid dreaming - Person is wide awake and then transition into REM sleep - Sleep attack: REM sleep for 2-5 mins - Cataplexy: loss of muscle tone - Treatments: use medications as ADHD or caffeine use
46
Developmental Process
- Biological: slow or rapid (puberty) - Cognitive: mental change - Socio-emotional: motivation, physiological, changes at different rates for all
47
Nature/ Nurture
- Biological change - maturation/ experience
48
Continuity/ Discontinuity
- Does change come gradually or in stages? - Continuity- gradually - Discontinuity- in stages (caterpillar to a butterfly)
49
Prenatal Development
- Conception (sperm-egg) 1) Germinal Period 2) Embryonic Period 3) Fetal Period
50
Germinal Period
- Rapid cell growth - Zygote (cells are the same)
51
Embryonic Period
- Cells specialize - Embryo - weeks 3-8 - Body parts start to form
52
Fetal Period
- Fetus - Organs grow and life can be sustained outside of the mother
53
Teratogen
- chemicals that cause birth defects
54
Thalidomide
- Given to moms who had morning sickness - interfere with the embryonic period - stops growth around weeks 2-8
55
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Low birth weight - Face and heart abnormalities - developmental/ learning liabilities - Behavioral dysfunction - Occurs in the embryonic period (first/third trimester) - Synaptogenesis: neurons connects to other neurons (3rd trimester)
56
Child: physical development: Reflexes
- Rooting reflex: Rub newborns cheek and mouth will open and start to suck - Babinski Reflex: rub newborn's bottom of feet, the newborn will spread its toes and toes will go in the direction of the stimulus
57
Child: Motor Development
- Estimated time only - Your milage may vary
58
Child: Sensation and perception
- Children are born near-sighted - Vision 20/600 - Sees best at 9-12 inches
59
Child: Cognitive Development
1) Sensorimotor Stage 2) Preoperational Stage
60
Sensorimotor Stage
- Require information through touch and senses (birth- 2 years) - Object performance: realization that something is there even though you can't see or touch (hide and seek)
61
Preoperational Stage
- Mental observations/representations that are reversible - Conversation is not displayed by children in the preoperational stage - Quantity is the source even though the stage changes (slices of pizza) - Egocentrism: children in the preoperational stage are egocentric
62
Concrete Operational Stage
- Understanding of mental operations - Increasingly logical thought (e.g., conversation) - Less egocentric - BUT: inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically
63
Formal Operational Stage
- hypothetico-deductive reasoning - Algebra
64
Attachment
- a close emotional bond between two individuals (e.g., child and caregiver) - Freud- oral satisfaction (the act of feeding and drinking) - Cloth and wire monkies
65
Imprinting
- Conrad Lorenz (Canada) - Goslings - Became attached to who we spend the first few days with - Critical Period: amount of time that is necessary for imprinting to occur
66
Baumrind's Parenting Styles
- Demands and responsiveness (warm and accepting) 1) Authoritative 2) Authoritarian 3) Permissive 4) Neglectful
67
Authoritative
- Warm and responsive - high expectations - clear rules - supportive (parents are the soft landing)
68
Authoritarian
- Unresponsive - Strict rules - high expectations
69
Permissive
- warm and responsive - few or no rules
70
Neglectful
- cold and unresponsive - few and no rules
71
Social Development
Changing nature of relationships with others over the life span
72
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
- divided life span into eight "psychosocial" stages, each associated with a different crisis to resolve
73
Erikson: Stage 5
- Identity vs. confusion - Identity: a sense of who you are and where you are going - Confusion: a lack of stable identity or even a negative identity

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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