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Intro to Psych > Unit 12, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Unit 12, 13, 14 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

Unconscious mechanisms of resolving conflict

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2
Q

Repression

A
  • The ego takes unacceptable ID impulses and pushes the impulses back into the unconscious
  • most powerful and prevalent
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3
Q

Rationalization

A

The ego does not accept the true reason for the behavior and instead makes up a more believable story

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4
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring negative feelings or undesirable feelings from one person or thing to another

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5
Q

Projection

A

Attributing our shortcomings or problems or faults to others

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6
Q

Regression

A

Behaving in a way that’s characteristic of an earlier developmental stage

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7
Q

Personality Tests

A
  • Projective tests
  • Thematic apperception test (TAT)
  • Rorschach Inkblot test
  • Free association emphasized
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8
Q

Motivation

A

Something that energizes and directs behavior

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9
Q

Cognitive Approach

A
  • Expectancies
  • Intensions
  • Intrinsic motivation
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10
Q

Expectancies

A

Beliefs that something is likely to happen

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11
Q

Intensions

A

Having an “action plan” to complete a task or objective

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12
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

An “inner” desire and we perform a behavior for its own sake

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13
Q

Neurological Approach: Drive- reduction

A
  • Need: state of deprivation or excess that leads to a response
  • Drive: an impulse to act and occurs in response to needs
  • Homeostasis: Balance or a state of steady conditions
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14
Q

Behavioral Approach

A
  • Incentive Theory: desirable or undesirable environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
  • Extrinsic Motivation: External desire and we perform a behavior for its own sake (Grades, praise, dessert)
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15
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Evolved from drive-reduction theory
  • originally, sex and anxiety
  • wishes- desire
  • fears- avoided
  • argues some motivation is unconscious
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16
Q

Humanistic Approach: Hierarchy of needs

A
  • Maslow
  • Five main needs must be satisfied to develop to one’s full potential as a human being
  • 6th need was proposed later
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17
Q

6 Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Physiological needs- satisfied first
  2. Safety
  3. Belonging (social)
  4. Self-esteem
  5. Self-actualization in individual development
  6. Self- transcendence- meaning and identity beyond the self
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18
Q

Social-cultural Perspective: Chinese Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Belonging to the group (social)
  2. Physiological needs
  3. Safety
  4. Self-actualization in service to society
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19
Q

Defining Disorders

A
  • Statistical prevalence
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Harmfulness
  • Socially-defined
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20
Q

Statistical Prevalence

A

Fewer people have the condition than the people who don’t have the condition

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21
Q

Maladaptiveness

A
  • Challenges fitting in or completing tasks
  • Unable to fulfill obligations
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22
Q

Harmfulness

A

Harmful to the person or to others

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23
Q

Socially-Definded

A
  • People define what is or what is not a disorder
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
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24
Q

Schizophrenia: Symptoms

A
  • Positive Symptoms
  • Negative Symptoms
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25
Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms
The behavior of mental processes that are in addition to being typical (excessive movements, nervous and afraid, delusions, auditory hallucinations)
26
Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms
Behaviors that are absent or have been taken away (social withdrawal, blunt affect, catatonia)
27
Schizophrenia: Genetic factors
- unrelated: 1% chance - siblings: 10-15% chance - identical twin: 50% chance - Closer to the realitve--> high chance - genetics is not the sole cause
28
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic disorders - Phobias - Generalized anxiety disorder
29
Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder
Period of intense fear not justified by the situation (up to 10 mins)
30
Panic Disorder: Symptoms
- Shortness of breath - dizziness - heart palpitations - trembling - chest pains
31
Panic Disorder causes
- Physiological (neurobiological): lactic acid - Cognitive: thoughts can increase or decrease the likelihood of a panic attack
32
Anxiety Disorders: Phobias
fears that are not justified by the situation
33
Types of phobias
- Agoraphobia: fear of being in open places (most common) - Social Phobias: fear of social interactions
34
Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder
- Cannot identify the source of anxiety - difficult to treat
35
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- OCD - Examples: Chris Johnson; Child with toys - Most common: checking, cleaning
36
OCD: Symptoms
- Obsession - a repetitive or unwanted cognitive process - Compulsion - a repetitive or irresistible behavior
37
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
- PTSD - Traumatic events triggers - War, assault, natural disasters, etc. -Doesn't happen to anyone
38
PTSD: Symptoms
- Flashbacks, nightmares - lack of feeling, decreased responsiveness - changes in personal relationships - impotence - exaggerated startle response - increased aggression - sleeping difficulties
39
Mood Disorders: Depression
- Symptoms - Anhedonia: inability to experience typical pleasure - Eating changes - sleeping changes - cognitive deficits
40
Depression: Rates
- 30% of females diagnosed with depression - 10% of males diagnosed with depression - Self-reports - Self-reports of symptoms
41
Bipolar Disorder
- 2 different mood states - manic-depressive disorder - between mania and depression - Mania: - tireless energy - excitability - cognitive difficulties
42
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- multiple personalities - identities sometimes know/ don't know about other identities - different personalities take charge at certain times - traumatic events create new identities - Biological evidence - different resting heart rates/ BP - different visual perspectives
43
Somatic Symptom Disorder
- one or more chronic somatic symptoms - excessively concerned - preoccupied - fearful - person makes frequent use of health care services - person is rarely assured that the advice is helpful and care is adequate
44
Illness Anxiety Disorder
- a person may or may not have a medical condition - heightened body sensations - anxious about having an undiagnosed illness - is not quickly reassured that things are ok - experiences distress and life disruption
45
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- inattention - hyperactivity - impulsivity - biological factors (medications) - Behavioral factors - sociocultural factors
46
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- irresponsible and socially disruptive behavior - destructive behavior - lack of empathy or remorse - difficult to treat - person rarely seeks help
47
Anorexia Nervosa
- restriction of energy intake relative to requirements - low body weight for: - age - sex - development - physical health - intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain - disturbed by one's body weight or shape - OR self-worth influenced by body weight or shape - OR persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of low body weight
48
Anorexia Nervosa: Psychological Factors
- good grades, perfectionist - tends to lack internal control - can control when to eat food - Distorted body image - awareness --> denied - preoccupation with food
49
Anorexia Nervosa: Social Factors
- Higher rates from: - models - dancers - actors - gymnastics - runner - athletes
50
Bulimia Nervosa: Binge
- Binging is gaining calories - 'typical' calories per day --> 36,000-40,000 calories - In a binge --> 6,000-10,000 calories - Eats junk food, high carbohydrates, high fat content foods
51
Bulimia Nervosa: Common purging mechanisms
- vomiting - laxative abuse/ misuse - excessive exercise
52
Bulimia Nervosa: Biological issues
- visual signs - blisters on the back of hands - dental issues
53
Bulimia Nervosa: Psychological Issues
- Awareness?--> yes but hides it - Eating in social settings?--> yes - Impulsivity: sex, $, drugs
54
Psychotherapy
- therapies based on psychological perspective - over 250 types pf psychotherapies exist - major psychotherapies are derived from personality theories
55
Psychodynamic Theories
- unconscious thoughts - emphasis on the past - early childhood experiences and memories - free association - resistances: interruptions to free association - transference: patient projects feelings of someone else on the therapist - One-to-one ratio
56
Humanistic Therapies
- focus on the present - emphasize conscious thoughts - emphasize accountability for ones actions - promote growth and fulfillment - active listening -person-centered therapy - both one-to-one or group setting
57
Behavioral Therapies
- based upon learning principles - disorders --> based on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences - counterconditioning - counter means different ways - conditioning means learning - operant therapies: ABCs and reinforcement techniques work in long-term - therapies based on punishments may work in short-term
58
Systematic Desensitization
- operant example - useful for treating anxiety disorders (like phobias) - one-to-one session - create scenarios that are not threatening - start with #1 and end with #8 - Increase exposure and realism of the situation
59
Aversion Therapies
- may produce short-term changes in behavior - rapid smoking- helps decrease - Antabuse --> drug given to people with alcoholism - inhibits metabolism of other alcohols - prevents the metabolism of alcohol
60
Cognitive Therapies
- Focuses on mental processes and thinking - tries to change the thinking process - For example: depression
61
Rational Emotive Therapy
- change thoughts to 'rational' thought - challenge clients to think in new ways - aggressive form of cognitive apporach
62
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a combination of cognitive therapies with behavioral components consists of 'homework' exercises to maintain ' appropriate behavior
63
Group Therapies
- may be used with many therapies - exception: traditional psychodynamic approach - Examples: self-help groups, AA, Narcotics anonymous, family therapy
64
Biological Therapies
- most common: drug therapies - premise: psychological disorders are due to differences in brain chemistry - restore back to typical function
65
Antipsychotics/ Neuroleptics
- treats schizophrenia: too much dopamine - blocks dopamine function - 2/3 times effective (50-65%)
66
Antidepressants
- treats depression - increase dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine - 2/3 effective (50-65%)
67
Mood Stabilizers
- treat bipolar disorder - Lithium - prevents mania to occur - no mania period --> no depression period
68
Anxiolytics
relieves anxiety
69
ADHD Medications
- Ritalin and Adderall --> increase dopamine - Side effects/ risks: - insomnia - reduced appetite - don't feel like themselves - Straterra --> increase norepinephrine (newer medicine) - not addictive unlike Ritalin and Adderall
70
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- use to treat people with depression - works for some people that do not respond to other therapies and has higher efficiency - works for 80% who try it - potential problems: amnesia is associated with this therapy
71
Surgery
- effects are irreversible and potentially drastic - last resort - prefrontal lobotomy: treat people with challenges of emotional control - cut or sever the part of the brain that controls emotions

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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