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Intro to Psych > Unit 12, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Unit 12, 13, 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

Unconscious mechanisms of resolving conflict

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2
Q

Repression

A
  • The ego takes unacceptable ID impulses and pushes the impulses back into the unconscious
  • most powerful and prevalent
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3
Q

Rationalization

A

The ego does not accept the true reason for the behavior and instead makes up a more believable story

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4
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring negative feelings or undesirable feelings from one person or thing to another

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5
Q

Projection

A

Attributing our shortcomings or problems or faults to others

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6
Q

Regression

A

Behaving in a way that’s characteristic of an earlier developmental stage

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7
Q

Personality Tests

A
  • Projective tests
  • Thematic apperception test (TAT)
  • Rorschach Inkblot test
  • Free association emphasized
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8
Q

Motivation

A

Something that energizes and directs behavior

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9
Q

Cognitive Approach

A
  • Expectancies
  • Intensions
  • Intrinsic motivation
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10
Q

Expectancies

A

Beliefs that something is likely to happen

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11
Q

Intensions

A

Having an “action plan” to complete a task or objective

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12
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

An “inner” desire and we perform a behavior for its own sake

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13
Q

Neurological Approach: Drive- reduction

A
  • Need: state of deprivation or excess that leads to a response
  • Drive: an impulse to act and occurs in response to needs
  • Homeostasis: Balance or a state of steady conditions
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14
Q

Behavioral Approach

A
  • Incentive Theory: desirable or undesirable environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
  • Extrinsic Motivation: External desire and we perform a behavior for its own sake (Grades, praise, dessert)
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15
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Evolved from drive-reduction theory
  • originally, sex and anxiety
  • wishes- desire
  • fears- avoided
  • argues some motivation is unconscious
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16
Q

Humanistic Approach: Hierarchy of needs

A
  • Maslow
  • Five main needs must be satisfied to develop to one’s full potential as a human being
  • 6th need was proposed later
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17
Q

6 Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Physiological needs- satisfied first
  2. Safety
  3. Belonging (social)
  4. Self-esteem
  5. Self-actualization in individual development
  6. Self- transcendence- meaning and identity beyond the self
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18
Q

Social-cultural Perspective: Chinese Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Belonging to the group (social)
  2. Physiological needs
  3. Safety
  4. Self-actualization in service to society
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19
Q

Defining Disorders

A
  • Statistical prevalence
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Harmfulness
  • Socially-defined
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20
Q

Statistical Prevalence

A

Fewer people have the condition than the people who don’t have the condition

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21
Q

Maladaptiveness

A
  • Challenges fitting in or completing tasks
  • Unable to fulfill obligations
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22
Q

Harmfulness

A

Harmful to the person or to others

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23
Q

Socially-Definded

A
  • People define what is or what is not a disorder
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
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24
Q

Schizophrenia: Symptoms

A
  • Positive Symptoms
  • Negative Symptoms
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25
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

A

The behavior of mental processes that are in addition to being typical (excessive movements, nervous and afraid, delusions, auditory hallucinations)

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26
Q

Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms

A

Behaviors that are absent or have been taken away (social withdrawal, blunt affect, catatonia)

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27
Q

Schizophrenia: Genetic factors

A
  • unrelated: 1% chance
  • siblings: 10-15% chance
  • identical twin: 50% chance
  • Closer to the realitve–> high chance
  • genetics is not the sole cause
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28
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Panic disorders
  • Phobias
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
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29
Q

Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder

A

Period of intense fear not justified by the situation (up to 10 mins)

30
Q

Panic Disorder: Symptoms

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • dizziness
  • heart palpitations
  • trembling
  • chest pains
31
Q

Panic Disorder causes

A
  • Physiological (neurobiological): lactic acid
  • Cognitive: thoughts can increase or decrease the likelihood of a panic attack
32
Q

Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

A

fears that are not justified by the situation

33
Q

Types of phobias

A
  • Agoraphobia: fear of being in open places (most common)
  • Social Phobias: fear of social interactions
34
Q

Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • Cannot identify the source of anxiety
  • difficult to treat
35
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A
  • OCD
  • Examples: Chris Johnson; Child with toys
  • Most common: checking, cleaning
36
Q

OCD: Symptoms

A
  • Obsession
    - a repetitive or unwanted cognitive process
  • Compulsion
    - a repetitive or irresistible behavior
37
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • PTSD
  • Traumatic events triggers
    - War, assault, natural disasters, etc.
    -Doesn’t happen to anyone
38
Q

PTSD: Symptoms

A
  • Flashbacks, nightmares
  • lack of feeling, decreased responsiveness
  • changes in personal relationships
  • impotence
  • exaggerated startle response
  • increased aggression
  • sleeping difficulties
39
Q

Mood Disorders: Depression

A
  • Symptoms
    • Anhedonia: inability to experience typical pleasure
    • Eating changes
    • sleeping changes
    • cognitive deficits
40
Q

Depression: Rates

A
  • 30% of females diagnosed with depression
  • 10% of males diagnosed with depression
    - Self-reports
    - Self-reports of symptoms
41
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A
  • 2 different mood states
  • manic-depressive disorder
    - between mania and depression
  • Mania:
  • tireless energy
  • excitability
  • cognitive difficulties
42
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A
  • multiple personalities
  • identities sometimes know/ don’t know about other identities
  • different personalities take charge at certain times
  • traumatic events create new identities
  • Biological evidence
    - different resting heart rates/ BP
    - different visual perspectives
43
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A
  • one or more chronic somatic symptoms
    - excessively concerned
    - preoccupied
    - fearful
  • person makes frequent use of health care services
  • person is rarely assured that the advice is helpful and care is adequate
44
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A
  • a person may or may not have a medical condition
  • heightened body sensations
  • anxious about having an undiagnosed illness
  • is not quickly reassured that things are ok
  • experiences distress and life disruption
45
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A
  • inattention
  • hyperactivity
  • impulsivity
  • biological factors (medications)
  • Behavioral factors
  • sociocultural factors
46
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • irresponsible and socially disruptive behavior
  • destructive behavior
  • lack of empathy or remorse
  • difficult to treat
    - person rarely seeks help
47
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • restriction of energy intake relative to requirements
  • low body weight for:
    • age
    • sex
    • development
    • physical health
  • intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
  • disturbed by one’s body weight or shape
  • OR self-worth influenced by body weight or shape
  • OR persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of low body weight
48
Q

Anorexia Nervosa: Psychological Factors

A
  • good grades, perfectionist
  • tends to lack internal control
  • can control when to eat food
  • Distorted body image
  • awareness –> denied
  • preoccupation with food
49
Q

Anorexia Nervosa: Social Factors

A
  • Higher rates from:
    • models
    • dancers
    • actors
    • gymnastics
    • runner
    • athletes
50
Q

Bulimia Nervosa: Binge

A
  • Binging is gaining calories
  • ‘typical’ calories per day –> 36,000-40,000 calories
  • In a binge –> 6,000-10,000 calories
  • Eats junk food, high carbohydrates, high fat content foods
51
Q

Bulimia Nervosa: Common purging mechanisms

A
  • vomiting
  • laxative abuse/ misuse
  • excessive exercise
52
Q

Bulimia Nervosa: Biological issues

A
  • visual signs
    • blisters on the back of hands
    • dental issues
53
Q

Bulimia Nervosa: Psychological Issues

A
  • Awareness?–> yes but hides it
  • Eating in social settings?–> yes
  • Impulsivity: sex, $, drugs
54
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • therapies based on psychological perspective
  • over 250 types pf psychotherapies exist
  • major psychotherapies are derived from personality theories
55
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A
  • unconscious thoughts
  • emphasis on the past
    • early childhood experiences and memories
  • free association
  • resistances: interruptions to free association
  • transference: patient projects feelings of someone else on the therapist
  • One-to-one ratio
56
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A
  • focus on the present
  • emphasize conscious thoughts
  • emphasize accountability for ones actions
  • promote growth and fulfillment
  • active listening
    -person-centered therapy
  • both one-to-one or group setting
57
Q

Behavioral Therapies

A
  • based upon learning principles
  • disorders –> based on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences
  • counterconditioning
    • counter means different ways
    • conditioning means learning
  • operant therapies: ABCs and reinforcement techniques work in long-term
  • therapies based on punishments may work in short-term
58
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  • operant example
  • useful for treating anxiety disorders (like phobias)
  • one-to-one session
  • create scenarios that are not threatening
  • start with #1 and end with #8
  • Increase exposure and realism of the situation
59
Q

Aversion Therapies

A
  • may produce short-term changes in behavior
  • rapid smoking- helps decrease
  • Antabuse –> drug given to people with alcoholism
    - inhibits metabolism of other alcohols
    - prevents the metabolism of alcohol
60
Q

Cognitive Therapies

A
  • Focuses on mental processes and thinking
  • tries to change the thinking process
  • For example: depression
61
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A
  • change thoughts to ‘rational’ thought
  • challenge clients to think in new ways
  • aggressive form of cognitive apporach
62
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

a combination of cognitive therapies with behavioral components consists of ‘homework’ exercises to maintain ‘ appropriate behavior

63
Q

Group Therapies

A
  • may be used with many therapies
  • exception: traditional psychodynamic approach
  • Examples: self-help groups, AA, Narcotics anonymous, family therapy
64
Q

Biological Therapies

A
  • most common: drug therapies
  • premise: psychological disorders are due to differences in brain chemistry
    • restore back to typical function
65
Q

Antipsychotics/ Neuroleptics

A
  • treats schizophrenia: too much dopamine
  • blocks dopamine function
  • 2/3 times effective (50-65%)
66
Q

Antidepressants

A
  • treats depression
  • increase dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
  • 2/3 effective (50-65%)
67
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A
  • treat bipolar disorder
  • Lithium
  • prevents mania to occur
  • no mania period –> no depression period
68
Q

Anxiolytics

A

relieves anxiety

69
Q

ADHD Medications

A
  • Ritalin and Adderall –> increase dopamine
  • Side effects/ risks:
    • insomnia
    • reduced appetite
    • don’t feel like themselves
  • Straterra –> increase norepinephrine (newer medicine)
    • not addictive unlike Ritalin and Adderall
70
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A
  • use to treat people with depression
  • works for some people that do not respond to other therapies and has higher efficiency
  • works for 80% who try it
  • potential problems: amnesia is associated with this therapy
71
Q

Surgery

A
  • effects are irreversible and potentially drastic
  • last resort
  • prefrontal lobotomy: treat people with challenges of emotional control
    • cut or sever the part of the brain that controls emotions

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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