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Intro to Psych > Exam Unit 9, 10, and 11 > Flashcards

Exam Unit 9, 10, and 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Study of how we think about, influence, and relate to others

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2
Q

Attitudes

A

A belief that is desirable or undesirable
- Acquired from our reference group
- may be used to predict behavior

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3
Q

Conformity: Soloman Asch

A
  • volunteers were asked to pick which line looks most like the sample line
  • Adjusting our behavior to agree with members of a group
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4
Q

Conformity: Factors

A
  • Individual has insecure feelings
  • The group= of 3 or more people
  • the group is unanimous in their opinion
  • Individual admires the group (status/ attractiveness)
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5
Q

Obedience

A

Likelihood that someone obeys the command and directions of others

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6
Q

Stanley Milgram

A
  • Would ‘ordinary’ citizens harm their ‘fellow citizens?
  • Teacher and learner situation (never met)
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7
Q

Milgram’s Question

A
  • Would ‘teachers’ continue to deliver intense shocks?
  • How far would they go?
  • Researchers and supervisors would ‘encourage’ the teacher to continue
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8
Q

Effects of being in a group

A
  • Social Facilitation
  • Social Interference
  • Social Loafing
  • Deindividualization
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9
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • tendency to perform a task better in front of others
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10
Q

Social Interference

A
  • Decline in performance when others are present
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11
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • Tendency to exert less effort while in a group
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12
Q

Deindividualization

A
  • Sense of reduced personal responsibility when in a group
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13
Q

Group Interactions

A
  • Group polarization
  • Groupthink
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14
Q

Group polarization

A
  • the tendency to form stronger opinions when we are with people who share similar beliefs
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15
Q

Groupthink

A
  • Situations where there is unanimous but realistic thinking (challenger with NASA)
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16
Q

Attraction

A
  • Proximity
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Similarity
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17
Q

Attraction: Proximity

A
  • Attracted to people who are physically close to the person
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18
Q

Attraction: Physical Attractiveness

A
  • Major component to why we are attracted to someone
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19
Q

Attraction: Similarity

A
  • Attracted to someone who have many similarities or things in common
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20
Q

Altruism

A
  • Helping
  • When are we more likely to get help?
  • The bystander effect
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21
Q

The Bystander Effect

A
  • Answers the question of ‘when are we more likely to get help from others?
  • Higher % of help with few people around and get help faster
  • Example: Car won’t start at 5 am or car slides into a ditch on a two-lane road with cars passing every couple of mins
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22
Q

Learning

A

permanent change in behavior due to experience

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23
Q

Stimulus

A
  • an object or event that may affect the likelihood of a response
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24
Q

Stimulus Functions

A
  • May directly increase a response (elicit)(fire alarm)
  • May indicate which responses are appropriate or not appropriate
  • May increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
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25
Q

Response

A

a behavior or mental process

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26
Q

Types of learning

A
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Classical Conditioning
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27
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Responses are emitted or are voluntary, NOT automatic
  • Stimulus, Response
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28
Q

Operant: Three-term contingency

A
  • A: Antecedents (stimulus)
  • B: Behavior
  • C: Consequences (stimulus)
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29
Q

Antecedents

A
  • come before behavior
  • Discriminative Stimulus
  • Generalized Stimulus
30
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A
  • Indicates which behaviors are appropriate and which are not appropriate
  • Refers to the ability to tell the difference between stimuli
31
Q

Generalized Stimulus

A
  • Refers to a situation where different stimuli signal the same response
32
Q

Consequences

A
  • Stimuli that follow a response
33
Q

Reinforcers

A
  • Stimuli that increase a behavior
  • Behavior likely to occur again
34
Q

Types of reinforcers

A
  • Positive Reinforcer
  • Negative reinforcer
35
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A
  • stimulus is added to the situation after the behavior (+)
  • Most likely to occur again
  • Getting the point on an mc question
36
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A
  • Stimulus is taken away or removed (-)
  • More likely to occur
  • Headache is taken away from medication
37
Q

Punishers

A

Stimuli that decrease a behavior

38
Q

Types of Punishers

A
  • Positive Punisher
  • Negative Punisher
39
Q

Positive Punisher (+)

A
  • Stimulus is added after the behavior occurs
  • Child broke something –> getting yelled at
  • Behavior Decreases
40
Q

Negative Punisher (-)

A
  • Stimulus is taken away after the behavior occurs
  • Behavior Decreases
  • Money is taken out of account for ticket
41
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A
  • Rules for delivering consequences
  • Reinforcers and punishers
42
Q

Types of Reinforcement Schedules

A
  • Fixed Ratio (FR)
  • Variable Ratio (VR)
  • Fixed Interval (FI)
  • Variable Interval (VI)
43
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR)

A
  • Unchanging or unpredictable
  • Consequences dependent on certain number of responses
  • Food out of vending machine
44
Q

Variable Ratio (VR)

A
  • Changing or unpredictable
  • Consequences dependent on a certain number of responses
  • Gambling/ Slot machines
45
Q

Fixed Interval (FI)

A
  • Unchanging or constant
  • Certain amount of time has to lapse
  • Time that lapses is constant
  • Being paid every two weeks for a paycheck
46
Q

Variable Interval (VI)

A
  • Changing or unpredictable time lapses
  • Getting an email sometime during the week
47
Q

Extinction

A

Responses are no longer followed by consequences

48
Q

Chaining

A
  • Way to learn a complex behavior
  • Take a complex behavior and divide that behavior into different components
  • Examples: Golfing, Baking a cake, football
49
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

50
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A
  • a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
  • No thinking involved
  • Flinching
51
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)

52
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

53
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

54
Q

Conditioned Response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

55
Q

Acquisition

A

when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

56
Q

Generalization

A
  • the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
  • Stimuli that are similar have a similar response (Little Albert)
57
Q

Discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

58
Q

Personality

A

a pattern of thinking and feeling

59
Q

ID

A
  • Born with it
  • Contains instincts
  • Unconscious
  • No contact with reality
  • Pleasure Principle: ID seeks pleasure and tries to avoid pain and anxiety
60
Q

Ego

A
  • Gain it when a little older
  • Develops and deals with the demands of reality
  • Makes rational decisions
  • Partially conscious
  • Higher mental functions
    - reasoning, problem-solving, decision making
  • Reality principle: allow the demands of the ID to conform to reality
  • No morality
61
Q

Superego

A
  • Moral branch of personality
  • Conscience
  • Partially Conscious
  • No reality
  • the ID and the superego make things difficult for the ego
62
Q

Traits

A

Collection of characteristic behaviors and conscious motives

63
Q

Allport (1897-1967)

A

Describes personality

64
Q

The Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
65
Q

Big Five: Openness

A
  • Imaginative or practical
  • Independent or conforming
66
Q

Big Five: Conscientiousness

A
  • Careful or careless
  • organize or disorganize
  • impulsive or disaplined
67
Q

Big Five: Agreeableness

A
  • Helpful
  • Cooperative
  • Ruthless
68
Q

Big Five: Neutroticism

A
  • emotional stability/ instability
69
Q

Assessing Trait Perspective

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, MMPI-2)
  • Myers-Briggs type indicator (16 PF)
70
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A
  • Maslow (1908-1970)- Seek self-actualization
  • Key Features:
    - Self-aware
    - Self-accepting
    - Open, spontaneous
    - Loving and caring
    - Not bothered by other’s opinions
71
Q

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

A
  • Personality develops best when the following three features/ things exist:
    - People are genuine
    - People are accepting (unconditional positive regard)
    - People are empathetic
72
Q

Social-Cognitive Approach

A
  • Emphasizes control
    • External locus of control
    • Internal locus of control
  • Who?
    • Achieves more
    • Exerts more control
    • acts more independently

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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