Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to Psych > Exam Unit 9, 10, and 11 > Flashcards

Exam Unit 9, 10, and 11 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Study of how we think about, influence, and relate to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attitudes

A

A belief that is desirable or undesirable
- Acquired from our reference group
- may be used to predict behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conformity: Soloman Asch

A
  • volunteers were asked to pick which line looks most like the sample line
  • Adjusting our behavior to agree with members of a group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conformity: Factors

A
  • Individual has insecure feelings
  • The group= of 3 or more people
  • the group is unanimous in their opinion
  • Individual admires the group (status/ attractiveness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Obedience

A

Likelihood that someone obeys the command and directions of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stanley Milgram

A
  • Would ‘ordinary’ citizens harm their ‘fellow citizens?
  • Teacher and learner situation (never met)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Milgram’s Question

A
  • Would ‘teachers’ continue to deliver intense shocks?
  • How far would they go?
  • Researchers and supervisors would ‘encourage’ the teacher to continue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effects of being in a group

A
  • Social Facilitation
  • Social Interference
  • Social Loafing
  • Deindividualization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • tendency to perform a task better in front of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Social Interference

A
  • Decline in performance when others are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • Tendency to exert less effort while in a group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deindividualization

A
  • Sense of reduced personal responsibility when in a group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Group Interactions

A
  • Group polarization
  • Groupthink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Group polarization

A
  • the tendency to form stronger opinions when we are with people who share similar beliefs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Groupthink

A
  • Situations where there is unanimous but realistic thinking (challenger with NASA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Attraction

A
  • Proximity
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Similarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Attraction: Proximity

A
  • Attracted to people who are physically close to the person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Attraction: Physical Attractiveness

A
  • Major component to why we are attracted to someone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Attraction: Similarity

A
  • Attracted to someone who have many similarities or things in common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Altruism

A
  • Helping
  • When are we more likely to get help?
  • The bystander effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Bystander Effect

A
  • Answers the question of ‘when are we more likely to get help from others?
  • Higher % of help with few people around and get help faster
  • Example: Car won’t start at 5 am or car slides into a ditch on a two-lane road with cars passing every couple of mins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Learning

A

permanent change in behavior due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stimulus

A
  • an object or event that may affect the likelihood of a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stimulus Functions

A
  • May directly increase a response (elicit)(fire alarm)
  • May indicate which responses are appropriate or not appropriate
  • May increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Response
a behavior or mental process
26
Types of learning
- Operant Conditioning - Classical Conditioning
27
Operant Conditioning
- Responses are emitted or are voluntary, NOT automatic - Stimulus, Response
28
Operant: Three-term contingency
- A: Antecedents (stimulus) - B: Behavior - C: Consequences (stimulus)
29
Antecedents
- come before behavior - Discriminative Stimulus - Generalized Stimulus
30
Discriminative Stimulus
- Indicates which behaviors are appropriate and which are not appropriate - Refers to the ability to tell the difference between stimuli
31
Generalized Stimulus
- Refers to a situation where different stimuli signal the same response
32
Consequences
- Stimuli that follow a response
33
Reinforcers
- Stimuli that increase a behavior - Behavior likely to occur again
34
Types of reinforcers
- Positive Reinforcer - Negative reinforcer
35
Positive Reinforcer
- stimulus is added to the situation after the behavior (+) - Most likely to occur again - Getting the point on an mc question
36
Negative Reinforcer
- Stimulus is taken away or removed (-) - More likely to occur - Headache is taken away from medication
37
Punishers
Stimuli that decrease a behavior
38
Types of Punishers
- Positive Punisher - Negative Punisher
39
Positive Punisher (+)
- Stimulus is added after the behavior occurs - Child broke something --> getting yelled at - Behavior Decreases
40
Negative Punisher (-)
- Stimulus is taken away after the behavior occurs - Behavior Decreases - Money is taken out of account for ticket
41
Reinforcement Schedules
- Rules for delivering consequences - Reinforcers and punishers
42
Types of Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed Ratio (FR) - Variable Ratio (VR) - Fixed Interval (FI) - Variable Interval (VI)
43
Fixed Ratio (FR)
- Unchanging or unpredictable - Consequences dependent on certain number of responses - Food out of vending machine
44
Variable Ratio (VR)
- Changing or unpredictable - Consequences dependent on a certain number of responses - Gambling/ Slot machines
45
Fixed Interval (FI)
- Unchanging or constant - Certain amount of time has to lapse - Time that lapses is constant - Being paid every two weeks for a paycheck
46
Variable Interval (VI)
- Changing or unpredictable time lapses - Getting an email sometime during the week
47
Extinction
Responses are no longer followed by consequences
48
Chaining
- Way to learn a complex behavior - Take a complex behavior and divide that behavior into different components - Examples: Golfing, Baking a cake, football
49
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
50
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers an unconditioned response (UR) - No thinking involved - Flinching
51
Unconditioned Response (UR)
an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
52
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
53
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
54
Conditioned Response
a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
55
Acquisition
when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
56
Generalization
- the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses - Stimuli that are similar have a similar response (Little Albert)
57
Discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
58
Personality
a pattern of thinking and feeling
59
ID
- Born with it - Contains instincts - Unconscious - No contact with reality - Pleasure Principle: ID seeks pleasure and tries to avoid pain and anxiety
60
Ego
- Gain it when a little older - Develops and deals with the demands of reality - Makes rational decisions - Partially conscious - Higher mental functions - reasoning, problem-solving, decision making - Reality principle: allow the demands of the ID to conform to reality - No morality
61
Superego
- Moral branch of personality - Conscience - Partially Conscious - No reality - the ID and the superego make things difficult for the ego
62
Traits
Collection of characteristic behaviors and conscious motives
63
Allport (1897-1967)
Describes personality
64
The Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)
- Openness - Conscientiousness - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism
65
Big Five: Openness
- Imaginative or practical - Independent or conforming
66
Big Five: Conscientiousness
- Careful or careless - organize or disorganize - impulsive or disaplined
67
Big Five: Agreeableness
- Helpful - Cooperative - Ruthless
68
Big Five: Neutroticism
- emotional stability/ instability
69
Assessing Trait Perspective
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, MMPI-2) - Myers-Briggs type indicator (16 PF)
70
Humanistic Perspective
- Maslow (1908-1970)- Seek self-actualization - Key Features: - Self-aware - Self-accepting - Open, spontaneous - Loving and caring - Not bothered by other's opinions
71
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
- Personality develops best when the following three features/ things exist: - People are genuine - People are accepting (unconditional positive regard) - People are empathetic
72
Social-Cognitive Approach
- Emphasizes control - External locus of control - Internal locus of control - Who? - Achieves more - Exerts more control - acts more independently

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions