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AP Bio T2 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproductive diapause

A

A period during which growth and development is suspended and physiological activity is diminished in response to adverse environmental conditions

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2
Q

Cleavage

A

A repeating set of mitotic divisions without cell growth between division cycle

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3
Q

Cleavage leads to the

A

Development of a multicellular stage called a blastula which then forms gastrula in which layers of tissue form that will eventually develop into body parts

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4
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any cut through the center of the org would produce mirror images

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5
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Org that has left/right side that are mirror images of each other

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6
Q

Animals w bilateral symmetry have developed

A

Cephalization: development of a head/brain at one end if the org usually the anterior end

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7
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of the embryo that becomes the skin and in some animals the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer that beomes most of internal orgs

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9
Q

Diploblastic

A

Animals w 2 germ layers

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer that becomes muscle and bone

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11
Q

Triploblastic

A

Animals w all 3 germ layers

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12
Q

Body cavity

A

Coelom: mesoderm lined cavity in body between gut and outer body wall

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13
Q

Coelomates

A

Have a true body cavity and all 3 germ layers completely surrounded by tissue

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14
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Have a boy cavity but not a true one bc its only partially lined w tissue has all 3 germ layers

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15
Q

Acoelomates

A

Have no body cavity amd all 3 getm layers stacked on top of each other

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16
Q

Spiral cleavage

A

Cells are not lined up w each other

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17
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

It is determined very early what each cell is going to become

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18
Q

Protosome development

A

Spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, mouth is first to develop from the blastopore

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19
Q

Radial cleavage

A

Cell lined up one on top of the other

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20
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Cells of the early embryo are not specialized and could develop into a complete animal

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21
Q

Deuterostome development

A

Radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, anus first to develop from blastopore

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22
Q

Hierarchial organization of cells

A

Cells tissues organs organ systems

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23
Q

Regulator

A

Uses internal me hanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

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24
Q

Conformer

A

Allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the environment

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25
Q

Negative feedback

A

Control mechanism that reduces or damps the stimulus

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26
Q

Positive feedback

A

Control mechanism that amplifies the response

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27
Q

Estivation

A

Response in which animals slow their activity for the hot dry summer months

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28
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range

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29
Q

Endotherm

A

Org that is warmed bt heat genersted by their own metabolism

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30
Q

Ectotherm

A

Org for which the external sources provide most of the heat for temp regulation

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31
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The transfer of heat or other solutes such as oxygen between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

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32
Q

Sensors for thermoregulation are concentrated in

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

When temps get cold

A

Inhibit heat loss mechanisms and activate heat saving ones like vasoconstriction or raising of fur

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34
Q

When temps is high

A

Vasodilations sweating panting to promote cooling of the body

35
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal determines nutritional needs and is related to the animal size activity and environment

36
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Amount of energy and animal uses in one unit of time

37
Q

Energy budgets

A

The ways in which animals use the chemical energy of food depends on the environment behavior size and Thermo regulation

38
Q

Torpor

A

Physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism (hibernation/estivation)

39
Q

Taxis

A

The automatic movement toward or away from a stimulus

40
Q

Kinesis

A

Simple change in activity rate in response to a stimulus

41
Q

Muscle made up of

A

Fasicles: densely packed groups of elongated cells that are made up of muscle fibers

42
Q

Muscle fiber made of

A

Muscle fiber(single cell w many nuclei) made of myofibrils

43
Q

Myofibril made of

A

Sarcomeres which are made if thin filaments and thick filaments

44
Q

Sarcomere structure

A

Made of thin filaments called actin and thick filaments called myosin

45
Q

Angie needed for repeated muscle contractions is stored in

A

Creatine phosphate and glycogen

46
Q

Creatine

A

Compound that can quickly make ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP

47
Q

Glycogen

A

Broken down into glucose which is used in glycolysis and aerobic respiration to make ATP

48
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Function and bowtie Justin and distribution of nutrients only one opening where food comes in and out ex ctenophores

49
Q

Complete Digestive tract

A

Have specialized tubes one way between the mouth and anus ex nematodes

50
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing and saliva to soften food

51
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Saliva contains salivary amylase which begins digesting carbs

52
Q

The esophagus

A

Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

53
Q

The stomach

A

Secretes gastric juice containing pepsin that has low pH and is used to hydrolyze proteins

54
Q

Small intestine

A

Where breakdown of food is and nutrients absorbed into blood
Liver secrets bile to digest fats
Pancreatic juice breakdown carbs fats proteins
Villi microvilli

55
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorb remaining water and forming feces

56
Q

Open circulation

A

Transport system in which the heart pumps blood into cavities where it bathes the organs directly and mixes with the interestitual fluid
Hemolymph

57
Q

Hemolymph

A

Mix between blood and interstitial fluid

58
Q

Closed circulation

A

Blood is contained within vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

59
Q

Chamber of fish? Amphibs? Mammals?

A

Fish 2
Amphibs 3 two atria one ventricle
Mam 4

60
Q

Lost fluid and proteins return to the blood via

A

Lymphatic system

61
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Fluid it carries called lymph

Lymph nodes filter lymph and attach viruses and bact- swell when fighting infection bc more white blood cells

62
Q

Gas exchange respiration

A

Uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and discharge of carbon dioxide

63
Q

Cell surface respiration

A

Gas is diffuse through plasma membrane to outer environment ex sponges

64
Q

Skin respiration

A

Example earthworms

65
Q

Gil respiration

A

Water in mouth and flow over gills, capillaries in gill pick up o2, blood flows opposite direction to max absorption of oxygen

66
Q

Tracheal respiration

A

Insects - one large trachae open to outside w smaller tubes extending to surface where gas exchange occurs no capillary beds

67
Q

Lungs repiration

A

Uses cirulatory to help- contains dense network of capillaries where gas exchange takes place

68
Q

Main breathing control centers located in

A

Medulla oblongata

Pons

69
Q

Medulla sets basic breathing rhythm and pons moderates it

A

Sensors in carotid and aorta that send signals to medulla which can change breath rate

70
Q

Sensors in carotid and aorta monitor

A

O2 and co2 concentrations and blood pH bc if low means low o2

71
Q

Oxygen is carried by respiratory pigments called

A

Hemoglobin which consists of four subunits each of which has a heme group that has an iron atom at its center- which binds 4 o2 molecules- after first binds its changes shape so others can bind

72
Q

Bohr effect

A

Decrease in blood pH causes hemoglobin to release oxygen so it can be used for cellular respiration

73
Q

Myoglobin

A

Enhances the movement of oxygen from blood to muscles

74
Q

Co2 transport

A

Most react w water to form bicarbonate ions that are carried in blood towards lungs
23% carried to lungs by hemoglobin
7% carried in blood plasma as dissolved co2

75
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The regulation of water loss and gain

76
Q

Pure ammonia excreted

A

Aquatic animals- conserves energy by excretion into freshwater

77
Q

Production of urea

A

Soluble form of nitrogen waste made by liver when ammonia + co2

78
Q

Production of uric acid

A

Insoluble form of nitrogen waste much less toxic - birds poop

79
Q

2 regions of kidneys

A

Renal cortex and inter renal medulla - packed w nephrins which are functional units of kidney

80
Q

Nephrons consist of

A

Single long tubule And ball of capillaries called glomerulus- surrounded by bowmans capsule

81
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Regulate salt balance in blood
Excrete nitrogenous waste
Filter blood
Retain water

82
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys

83
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Promotes the reabsorption of sodium excretion of potassium in the kidneys

AP Bio T2 (3 decks)

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