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AP Bio T2 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable characteristic/genetic variation that is favored by natural selection and provides an adv to an org in a particular environment

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3
Q

Darwins book

A

Origin of Species

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4
Q

Descent with modification

A

Belief that existing plants and animals developed a process of gradual change from a previously existing organism

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5
Q

Modification by natural selection

A

The species that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive/reproduce passing the favorable traits onto offspring

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6
Q

Fitness

A

of surviving offspring left to produce next generation, measure of evolutionary success

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7
Q

Artificial selection

A

Breeding of domesticated plants and animals to select for desired traits

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8
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the past and present distribution of species

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9
Q

How to determine age of fossils

A

Relative dating and rate of decay of isotopes

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10
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures w similar anatomy that originated in a common ancestor

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11
Q

Analogou structures

A

Structures w same function but have a very different anatomy

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12
Q

Vestigal structures

A

Structures that serve no real purpose

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13
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Embryos of fishes, frogs, burdd, snakes etc have a similar stage

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14
Q

Molecular biology

A

Looks at similarited in dna and proteins

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15
Q

Fossil record shows

A

How traits of a species have changed over time, along w geographical distribution

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16
Q

Resitance mutations

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria and pesticide resitance shows evolution

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17
Q

Individuals dont evolve

A

Populations evolve

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18
Q

Genepool

A

Collection of all the alleles in the population

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19
Q

Evolution occurs when

A

There is a change in allele frequency of a population

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20
Q

Hardy weinburg theorum

A

States that frequency of alleles in a pop remains constant (no evolution) from generation to generation unless acted upon by agents other than sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Hardy weinburg equation

A

P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

P is R
q is r

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22
Q

Conditions for hardy weinburg (maintain no evolution)

A

Very large population size (reduces genetic drift)
Isolation from other populations (no gene flow)
No net mutation
Random mating
No natural selection

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23
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in genetic makeup of a pop from generation to generation

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24
Q

Genetic drift

A

Nonslective changes in the gene pool of a small pop due to random chance

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25
Q

Genetic drift occurs more frequently in

A

Smaller populations

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26
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Occurs when there is a drastic reduction in population size and remaining pop is not representative of original population

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27
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a small number of individuals become isolated from a larger pop and colonize a new habitat and the new pop is not representative of the pop they left

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28
Q

Gene flow

A

Loss or gain of alleles from a pop due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals

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29
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Interbreeding- mating between closely related partners
Assortative mating- when indiv select partners that are like themselves
Both decrease variation

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30
Q

Sex selection

A

When orgs produce more not bc most fit for enviornment but bc they are a more attractive sexual partner

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31
Q

Causes of microevolution

A

Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection

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32
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection that reduces phenoype variation by selecting for the the most common phenotype

33
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

34
Q

Diversifying selection

A

Naturals selection that favors both extremes over the more common intermediate phenotype

35
Q

Species

A

Pop that have potential to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring

36
Q

Species are distinguished by

A

Reproductive incompatibility

37
Q

Any factor that impedes two species from producing Bible fertile offspring is called

A

Reproductive isolation

38
Q

Pre-zygotic barriers

A

Barriers that impede mating between species if members of different species attempt to mate

39
Q

Types of pre-zygotic barriers

A

Habitat isolation behavioral isolation Temporel isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation

40
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Occurs when courtship rituals attract only certain mates

41
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Occurs when an organism spray during different times of day or different seasons

42
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Occurs because of differences in anatomy that prevent successful mating

43
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Occurs when gametes meet the camp fuse to form a zygote occurs when the sperm can’t fertilize the egg

44
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

Mechanisms that prevent the zygote or offspring from developing into viable fertile adults

45
Q

Types of postzygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid break down

46
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

When is I go forms but genetic incompatibilities abort the development of the embryo

47
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

When an offspring survives but is sterile

48
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

When the first generation may produce but the second generation is sterile

49
Q

Three-ways speciation can occur

A

Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, adaptive radiation

50
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation occurs when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

51
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs when a population develops a genetic difference that prevents them from reproducing with the parent type

52
Q

Example sympatric speciation

A

Polyploidy plants or 80 chrom indiv

53
Q

Sympatric speciation can also occur if

A

A subset of the population becomes reproductively isolated because of the switch and habitat food source or other resource not used by the parent population

54
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Rapid evolution of species when new habitats open

55
Q

When new habitats Open speciation occurs

A

Rapidly

56
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Occurs when there are long periods of no change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

57
Q

Gradualism

A

Idea that change occurs in a slow but continuous process

58
Q

How many major extinction events

A

Five and most of them caused by changes in environment

59
Q

Mastic stations are often followed by

A

Adaptive radiation which can then lead to evolution

60
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species

61
Q

Systematics

A

Study of diversity in relationships of organisms

62
Q

Molecular systematics

A

Comparing the DNA an amino acid sequence is of different organisms

63
Q

Evolutionary history’s are determined by many factors including

A

Fossil record morphological homologies and molecular homologies

64
Q

Fossil record

A

Sequence in which fossils have accumulated in layers of rock overtime
-incomplete record of phylogeny

65
Q

Morphological homologoes

A

Similarities in form and structure

66
Q

Homologous structures show

A

Common ancestry and divergent evolution

67
Q

Analogous structures show

A

Convergent evolution

68
Q

Molecular homologies

A

Similarities in DNA and protein sequences

69
Q

Example of molecular homologies

A

All organisms go through transcription translation and replication, same bases

70
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of naming and grouping organisms based on evolutionary relationships

71
Q

History of taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus devise a system grouping organisms based on morphology using seven levels of organization (taxons) with each level being more specific

72
Q

Levels of linnaeus’ system

A

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

73
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus and species

74
Q

Used to classify organisms based on form and structure now use Phylogeny

A

.

75
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram that traces evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

76
Q

Phylogenic trees are based on

A

Morphological similarities, DNA and proteins sequences, and computer programs

77
Q

Cladistics

A

Uses characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships, puts orgs in clades

78
Q

Clades

A

Includes ancestral species and all of its descendants, can be distinguished by their shared derived characters

AP Bio T2 (3 decks)

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