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AP Bio T2 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable characteristic/genetic variation that is favored by natural selection and provides an adv to an org in a particular environment

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3
Q

Darwins book

A

Origin of Species

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4
Q

Descent with modification

A

Belief that existing plants and animals developed a process of gradual change from a previously existing organism

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5
Q

Modification by natural selection

A

The species that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive/reproduce passing the favorable traits onto offspring

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6
Q

Fitness

A

of surviving offspring left to produce next generation, measure of evolutionary success

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7
Q

Artificial selection

A

Breeding of domesticated plants and animals to select for desired traits

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8
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the past and present distribution of species

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9
Q

How to determine age of fossils

A

Relative dating and rate of decay of isotopes

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10
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures w similar anatomy that originated in a common ancestor

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11
Q

Analogou structures

A

Structures w same function but have a very different anatomy

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12
Q

Vestigal structures

A

Structures that serve no real purpose

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13
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Embryos of fishes, frogs, burdd, snakes etc have a similar stage

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14
Q

Molecular biology

A

Looks at similarited in dna and proteins

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15
Q

Fossil record shows

A

How traits of a species have changed over time, along w geographical distribution

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16
Q

Resitance mutations

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria and pesticide resitance shows evolution

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17
Q

Individuals dont evolve

A

Populations evolve

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18
Q

Genepool

A

Collection of all the alleles in the population

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19
Q

Evolution occurs when

A

There is a change in allele frequency of a population

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20
Q

Hardy weinburg theorum

A

States that frequency of alleles in a pop remains constant (no evolution) from generation to generation unless acted upon by agents other than sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Hardy weinburg equation

A

P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

P is R
q is r

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22
Q

Conditions for hardy weinburg (maintain no evolution)

A

Very large population size (reduces genetic drift)
Isolation from other populations (no gene flow)
No net mutation
Random mating
No natural selection

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23
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in genetic makeup of a pop from generation to generation

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24
Q

Genetic drift

A

Nonslective changes in the gene pool of a small pop due to random chance

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25
Genetic drift occurs more frequently in
Smaller populations
26
Bottleneck effect
Occurs when there is a drastic reduction in population size and remaining pop is not representative of original population
27
Founder effect
Occurs when a small number of individuals become isolated from a larger pop and colonize a new habitat and the new pop is not representative of the pop they left
28
Gene flow
Loss or gain of alleles from a pop due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals
29
Nonrandom mating
Interbreeding- mating between closely related partners Assortative mating- when indiv select partners that are like themselves Both decrease variation
30
Sex selection
When orgs produce more not bc most fit for enviornment but bc they are a more attractive sexual partner
31
Causes of microevolution
Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection
32
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that reduces phenoype variation by selecting for the the most common phenotype
33
Directional selection
Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
34
Diversifying selection
Naturals selection that favors both extremes over the more common intermediate phenotype
35
Species
Pop that have potential to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring
36
Species are distinguished by
Reproductive incompatibility
37
Any factor that impedes two species from producing Bible fertile offspring is called
Reproductive isolation
38
Pre-zygotic barriers
Barriers that impede mating between species if members of different species attempt to mate
39
Types of pre-zygotic barriers
Habitat isolation behavioral isolation Temporel isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation
40
Behavioral isolation
Occurs when courtship rituals attract only certain mates
41
Temporal isolation
Occurs when an organism spray during different times of day or different seasons
42
Mechanical isolation
Occurs because of differences in anatomy that prevent successful mating
43
Gametic isolation
Occurs when gametes meet the camp fuse to form a zygote occurs when the sperm can't fertilize the egg
44
Postzygotic barriers
Mechanisms that prevent the zygote or offspring from developing into viable fertile adults
45
Types of postzygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid break down
46
Reduced hybrid viability
When is I go forms but genetic incompatibilities abort the development of the embryo
47
Reduced hybrid fertility
When an offspring survives but is sterile
48
Hybrid breakdown
When the first generation may produce but the second generation is sterile
49
Three-ways speciation can occur
Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, adaptive radiation
50
Allopatric speciation
Speciation occurs when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
51
Sympatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when a population develops a genetic difference that prevents them from reproducing with the parent type
52
Example sympatric speciation
Polyploidy plants or 80 chrom indiv
53
Sympatric speciation can also occur if
A subset of the population becomes reproductively isolated because of the switch and habitat food source or other resource not used by the parent population
54
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of species when new habitats open
55
When new habitats Open speciation occurs
Rapidly
56
Punctuated equilibrium
Occurs when there are long periods of no change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change
57
Gradualism
Idea that change occurs in a slow but continuous process
58
How many major extinction events
Five and most of them caused by changes in environment
59
Mastic stations are often followed by
Adaptive radiation which can then lead to evolution
60
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species
61
Systematics
Study of diversity in relationships of organisms
62
Molecular systematics
Comparing the DNA an amino acid sequence is of different organisms
63
Evolutionary history's are determined by many factors including
Fossil record morphological homologies and molecular homologies
64
Fossil record
Sequence in which fossils have accumulated in layers of rock overtime -incomplete record of phylogeny
65
Morphological homologoes
Similarities in form and structure
66
Homologous structures show
Common ancestry and divergent evolution
67
Analogous structures show
Convergent evolution
68
Molecular homologies
Similarities in DNA and protein sequences
69
Example of molecular homologies
All organisms go through transcription translation and replication, same bases
70
Taxonomy
Science of naming and grouping organisms based on evolutionary relationships
71
History of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus devise a system grouping organisms based on morphology using seven levels of organization (taxons) with each level being more specific
72
Levels of linnaeus' system
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
73
Binomial nomenclature
Genus and species
74
Used to classify organisms based on form and structure now use Phylogeny
.
75
Phylogenetic tree
Diagram that traces evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
76
Phylogenic trees are based on
Morphological similarities, DNA and proteins sequences, and computer programs
77
Cladistics
Uses characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships, puts orgs in clades
78
Clades
Includes ancestral species and all of its descendants, can be distinguished by their shared derived characters

AP Bio T2 (3 decks)

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