Unit 6

Question 1

Define: proletariat

Answer 1

In Marxist theory, the group of workers who would overthrow the Czar and come to rule Russia.

Question 2

Define: V.I.Lenin

Answer 2

Vladimir Ilyish Lenin was the major leader of the bolsheviks. Ruthless. First ruler of Communist Russia. “Father of the Revolution.” Wanted to lead a worldwide communist revolution led by workers. Career: late 1890s to 1924.

Question 3

Define: Joseph Stalin

Answer 3

Russian dictator known as the “Man of Steel.” He wanted to perfect a communist state in Russia through totalitarian rule. Cold hearted, impersonal. 1922-27 began ruthless climb. In total command of Communist party by 1928. Wielded absolute power as dictator. Lenin felt he was dangerous. Crude and rough and glorified himself. Career: early 1900s to 1953.

Question 4

Define: totalitarianism

Answer 4

A govt that takes total, centralized control over every aspect of public and private life. Seeks to erase line btwn govt and society. A dynamic leader who can build support for his policies and justify his actions heads most totalitarian govts. Challenges the highest values praised by Western democracies.

Question 5

What does USSR stand for?

Answer 5

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Question 6

Define: Mao Zedong

Answer 6

Leader of the Chinese Communist party, known as the “Great Helmsman.” Career: early 1900s to 1976. Wanted to stage a communist revolution in China, led by peasants.

Question 7

Define: the Long March

Answer 7

Hazardous 6000 mile journey by Communist forces – including Mao – fleeing from Nationalist Party forces. 1934 to 1935.

Question 8

Define: Mohandas K. Ghandi

Answer 8

Leader of the independence movement in India. Career: late 1800s to 1948. Mohandas = “Great Soul.” Wanted to achieve Indian self-rule through campaigns of civil disobedience. Strategy for battling injustice evolved from deeply religious approach to political activity. Teachings blended ideas from all the major world religions. Urged Indian National Congress to follow policy of noncooperation w/British. Campaign of civil disobedience to weaken British authority and economic power. Boycotts, strikes & demonstrations, Salt March.

Question 9

Define: civil disobedience

Answer 9

Deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and non-violence as the means to achieve independence. Endorsed by the Congress Party in 1920.

Question 10

What was the significance of the Salt March in the Indian movement towards independence?

Answer 10

Demonstration organized by Ghandi in 1930 to defy the hated Salt Acts which allowed Indians to buy salt only from the govt and pay sales tax on it. Walked 240 miles to sea coast & began making own salt. Peaceful protest. Violent repression by police – worldwide support for Ghandi’s independence movement. 6000 arrested in India, including Ghandi.

Question 11

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Lenin

Answer 11

Russia

Question 12

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Stalin

Answer 12

Russia

Question 13

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Sun Yixian

Answer 13

China

Question 14

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Mao Zedong

Answer 14

China

Question 15

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Gandhi

Answer 15

India

Question 16

State the country, career years, key role, popular name and goal of Kemal

Answer 16

Turkey

Question 17

How did the effects of WWI influence literature and the arts in the 1920’s?

Answer 17

Unconventional styles and ideas reflected uncertainty of the times and society’s concerns. Novels showed Freud’s theories on the unconscious. Artists rebelled against tradition and earlier realistic styles; showed inner world of emotion and imagination Cubism founded in 1907. Expressionism ongoing. Surrealism sought to link the world of dreams w/real life (inspired by Freud). Composers tried new styles in classical and popular music. Jazz emerged in U.S.

Question 18

Why did the Great Depression in the U.S. turn into a global depression?

Answer 18

Everyone owed the U.S. money. U.S. economic prosperity was sustaining the world economy. When it weakened, the world’s economic system would collapse. American bankers demanded repayment; American investors w/drew investments in Europe; demand for European goods dropped sharply (high tariffs). Chain reaction of tariffs led to 65% decrease in world wide trade contributing to soaring unemployment

Question 19

Give at least two examples of the global effect of the Great Depression.

Answer 19

1. 1931 failure of Austria’s largest bank
2. sugar, beef and copper markets in Latin Am collapsed
3. value of Asian exports fell by 1/2– farmers and urban workers suffered.

Question 20

Define: fascism

Answer 20

New militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. No clearly defined theory or program but most fascists shared several ideas: extreme nationalism, belief nations must struggle, loyalty to authoritarian leader, uniforms and salutes, mass rallies.

Question 21

Define: Benito Mussolini

Answer 21

Newspaper editor and politician; promised to revive Italian economy and rebuild armed forces. Founded Fascist Party in 1919. Popularity increased as economic conditions worsened. March on Rome in 1922. Took power around end of 1922 and was Il Duce. Abolished other parties; censorship; secret police. Lacked total control maintained by Stalin or Hitler.

Question 22

Define: Adolf Hitler

Answer 22

Little known political leader who gained recognition in WWI. Joined right-wing political group in 1919 called Nazis. Fiery oratory manipulated audiences. Chosen Der Fuhrer. Tried for treason – wrote Mein Kampf in jail setting forth beliefs and goals for Germany: Germans “master race;” Versailles Treaty an outrage; lebensraum. Economic decline led people to turn to him. Became Chancellor in 1933. Stirred up fears of Communists. Banned other parties. Created SS. Wanted control over all aspects of German life. Used propaganda.

Question 23

Define: Nazism

Answer 23

German brand of fascism. Swastika symbol. Stormtroopers/Brown Shirts. Largest political party by 1932. Anti-semitism: scapegoated Jews for all Germany’s problems since WWI.

Question 24

Define: lebensraum

Answer 24

“living space” – Hitler declared Germany needed more living space and promised to get it by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia.

Question 25

Define: Schutzstaffel

Answer 25

“Protection squad.” The SS. Loyal only to Hitler. Arrested hundreds of Hitler’s enemies in 1934.

Nazi secret police. Brutal. Terror. Shocked people into total obedience.

School boys had to join.

Named Chancellor in 1933 by President Paul Von Hindenburg, so “legal.”

Conservatives asked President Paul Von Hindenburg to name Hitler Chancellor in 1933, so came to power “legally.”

Question 26

7 Key Traits of Totalitarianism (p. 441)

Answer 26

1. ideology (set state goals, glorifies aims of state, justifies govmt action)
2. state control of individuals
3. methods of enforcement (police terror, indoctrination, censorship, persecution)
4. modern technology (propaganda via mass communication, advanced military weapons)
5. state control of society (business, religion, labor, arts, housing, personal life, education, youth groups)
6. dictatorship and one-party rule
7. dynamic leader (unites, symbolizes govt)

Question 27

6 Characteristics of Fascism (p. 477)

Answer 27

1. Cultural (censorship, indoctrination, secret police)
2. Social (supported by middle class, industrialiists & military)
3. Economic (control of economic functions by state corps or state)
4. Political (nationalist, racist, one-party rule, supreme leader)
5. Basic Principles (authoritarianism, state more impt than individual, charismatic leader, action oriented)
6. Chief Examples (Italy, Spain, Germany)