Unit 6

Question 1

Prokaryotic DNA

Answer 1

Circular DNA with no nucleus

Question 2

Eukaryotic DNA

Answer 2

Linear DNA with a nucleus

Question 3

DNA Replication

Answer 3

Copy DNA to make identical strands before cell division

Question 4

DNA is read

Answer 4

3’ to 5’

Question 5

Antiparallel

Answer 5

Two DNA strands run in opposite directions

Question 6

Semiconservative

Answer 6

Each new DNA has one old strand and one new strand

Question 7

Helicase

Answer 7

Unzips DNA at the replication fork

Question 8

Topoisomerase

Answer 8

Relieves strain ahead of the fork to prevent tangling

Question 9

DNA Polymerase

Answer 9

Build new DNA by adding nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 10

Leading Strand

Answer 10

Built continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 11

Lagging Strand

Answer 11

Built in pieces (Okazaki fragments) in the 5’ to 3’ but going away from the fork

Question 12

Ligase

Answer 12

Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments

Question 13

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 13

Short pieces of DNA on the lagging strand

Question 14

Protein Synthesis

Answer 14

Make protein using DNA to mRNA to protein

Question 15

Central Dogma

Answer 15

Transcription, then transLATtion (DNA to RNA to protein)

Question 16

Transcription

Answer 16

DNA to mRNA

Question 17

RNA Polymerase

Answer 17

Builds RNA from DNA template

Question 18

RNA Modifications

Answer 18

Add a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail, splice out introns

Question 19

Introns

Answer 19

Cut out

Question 20

Exons

Answer 20

Express (keep)

Question 21

Alternative Splicing

Answer 21

1 gene makes many proteins by rearranging exons

Question 22

Translation

Answer 22

mRna to protein in ribosomes

Question 23

Initiate Translation

Answer 23

Start codon AUG signals ribosome to begin

Question 24

Elongate

Answer 24

Amino acids are linked into a chain

Question 25

Terminate

Answer 25

Stop codon is reached and protein is released

Question 26

Codon

Answer 26

3 RNA bases is 1 codon which is 1 amino acid

Question 27

tRNA

Answer 27

Transports the amino acids

Question 28

Promoter

Answer 28

Start site for transcription

Question 29

Transcription Factor

Answer 29

Help RNA polymerase bind

Question 30

Activators and Enhancers

Answer 30

Boost transcription

Question 31

Negative Regulators

Answer 31

Block transcription

Question 32

Operon

Answer 32

Only in prokaryotes; off and on switch

Question 33

Repressor

Answer 33

Protein that binds to the operator and blocks transcription

Question 34

Promoter

Answer 34

Where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

Question 35

Operator

Answer 35

Region where repressor binds in operons

Question 36

Inducible Operon

Answer 36

OFF by default and can be turned on (lac)

Question 37

Repressible Operon

Answer 37

ON by default and can be turned off (trp)

Question 38

Mutagens

Answer 38

Things that cause mutations like radiation and chemicals

Question 39

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 39

Shifts entire reading frame caused by insertion or deletion

Question 40

Insertion and Deletion

Answer 40

Add or remove bases, which leads to frameshift

Question 41

Electrophoresis

Answer 41

Separates DNA by size, and smaller pieces move father

Question 42

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer 42

Copies DNA quickly

Question 43

Bacterial Transformation

Answer 43

Bacteria takes in foreign DNA from the environment (ie. plasmid inserted to give antibiotic resistance)