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Psychology 289 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A
  1. Learning can be understood as:
    - Outcome: Changes in behavior or knowledge from experience.
    - Process: Methods and mechanisms causing these changes.
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2
Q

What are learned behaviors?

A

They are enduring and acquired through experience, unlike instinctive or accidental behaviors.

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A learning process where a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response (CR).

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).

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5
Q

How do classical and operant conditioning differ?

A

Classical conditioning involves reflexive responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary, goal-directed behavior.

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6
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Responses followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur, as studied by Thorndike.

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7
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., giving a treat for sitting).

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8
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., turning off an alarm when getting up).

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9
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by watching others (models) and replicating their behaviors.

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10
Q

What is Bandura’s perspective on reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement influences performance but is not necessary for learning, which can occur through observation.

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11
Q

What did the Bobo Doll experiment demonstrate?

A

Observing aggression led children to imitate aggressive behaviors, showing the impact of observational learning.

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12
Q

What is the difference between acquisition and performance?

A
  • Acquisition: Learning a behavior through experience or observation.
  • Performance: Executing the learned behavior.
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13
Q

How are phobias formed through classical conditioning?

A

Neutral stimuli become associated with traumatic events, leading to intense fears (e.g., fear of dogs after a bite).

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14
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

Changing emotional responses by pairing a stimulus with another that evokes strong emotions (e.g., product ads with positive imagery).

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15
Q

How does classical conditioning relate to drug use?

A

Environmental cues associated with drug effects influence tolerance, withdrawal, and risk of overdose.

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16
Q

What are the stages of learning in classical conditioning?

A
  • Acquisition: Association between NS and UCS.
  • Extinction: Weakening of CR when CS is presented without UCS.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of the CR after extinction.
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17
Q

What is salience in conditioning?

A

Highly noticeable stimuli facilitate quicker and stronger associations.

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18
Q

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations to teach complex behaviors (e.g., training a dog to roll over step-by-step).

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19
Q

What are reinforcement schedules?

A
  • Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after unpredictable responses; highly resistant to extinction.
  • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a reward.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing discomfort.
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20
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

The tendency for learned behaviors to revert to innate, instinctive behaviors.

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21
Q

What is learning as an outcome?

A

Changes in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

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22
Q

What is learning as a process?

A

The methods and mechanisms through which changes in behavior or knowledge occur.

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23
Q

What distinguishes learned behaviors from other behaviors?

A

Learned behaviors are enduring and acquired through experience, unlike reflexive, accidental, or instinctive behaviors.

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24
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A learning process where a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

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25
What is operant conditioning?
Learning where behavior is shaped by consequences, such as rewards or punishments.
26
Who coined the term "operant conditioning"?
B.F. Skinner, to describe learning where voluntary behavior is modified by its consequences.
27
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely.
28
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., giving a treat for sitting).
29
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., turning off an alarm by getting up).
30
What are phobias, and how do they form?
Intense, irrational fears, often resulting from classical conditioning (e.g., fear of dogs after a bite).
31
What are superstitions?
Learned associations between behaviors and outcomes, often without causal connection (e.g., wearing a "lucky" shirt).
32
What is evaluative conditioning?
Changing emotional responses to a stimulus by pairing it with another that evokes strong emotions (e.g., product ads with positive imagery).
33
What are the mechanisms of classical conditioning?
- UCS: Naturally elicits a response. - NS: Initially neutral, becomes the CS. - CS: Elicits a response after pairing with UCS. - CR: Learned response to the CS. - UCR: Reflexive, unlearned response to the UCS.
34
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Weakening of the CR when the CS is presented without the UCS
35
What is spontaneous recovery?
Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period, showing the persistence of original learning.
36
How does classical conditioning relate to drug use?
Environmental cues associated with drug effects can influence tolerance, withdrawal, and risk of overdose.
37
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations to teach complex behaviors (e.g., training a dog to roll over step-by-step).
38
What are reinforcement schedules?
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after unpredictable responses, highly resistant to extinction. - Positive Reinforcement: Adding a reward. - Negative Reinforcement: Removing discomfort.
39
What is punishment, and how does it differ from negative reinforcement?
- Punishment decreases behavior. - Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
40
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement, demonstrated when the behavior becomes useful later (e.g., rats navigating a maze after exploring it).
41
What is learning as an outcome?
Changes in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
42
What is learning as a process?
The methods and mechanisms through which behavioral or knowledge changes occur.
43
What are enduring and acquired behaviors?
Learned behaviors that involve lasting changes and the acquisition of skills or knowledge.
44
What are accidental behaviors?
Actions that occur by chance without intentional effort (e.g., stumbling upon a solution).
45
What are temporary behaviors?
Actions that manifest only under specific conditions and do not reflect lasting change.
46
What are physiological responses?
Automatic, reflexive reactions to stimuli, such as sneezing or blinking.
47
What are instinctive behaviors?
Hardwired, innate behaviors performed without prior experience (e.g., a spider spinning a web).
48
What is an example of a learning outcome?
A dog sitting on command after training.
49
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response (CR).
50
What is operant conditioning?
Learning where behavior is shaped by consequences, such as rewards or punishments.
51
How do phobias form?
Through classical conditioning, neutral stimuli become associated with negative experiences, leading to intense fears (e.g., fear of dogs after a bite).
52
What are superstitions?
Learned associations between behaviors and perceived outcomes, often without a causal connection (e.g., wearing a "lucky" shirt).
53
What are the mechanisms of classical conditioning?
- UCS: Naturally elicits a response. - NS: Initially neutral, becomes the CS. - CS: Elicits a response after pairing with UCS. - CR: Learned response to the CS. - UCR: Reflexive, unlearned response to the UCS.
54
What is the difference between UCR and CR?
- UCR: Innate response to the UCS. - CR: Learned response to the CS after conditioning.
55
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The weakening of a conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
56
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period, showing that the original learning persists.
57
What is evaluative conditioning?
Changing emotional responses to a stimulus by pairing it with another that evokes strong emotions (e.g., pairing products with positive imagery in advertising).
58
How does classical conditioning relate to drug use?
Environmental cues associated with drug effects influence tolerance, withdrawal, and risk of overdose.
59
What are salience and contiguity in conditioning?
- Salience: Noticeable stimuli facilitate quicker associations. - Contiguity: Temporal proximity between NS and UCS enhances associations.
60
What are the stages of learning in classical conditioning?
-Acquisition: Forming an association between NS and UCS. -Extinction: Weakening the CR when CS is presented without UCS. -Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of the CR after extinction.
61

Psychology 289 (5 decks)

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