unit 6 Flashcards
imperialism
policy of expanding a country’s power and influence through through diplomacy or military force
nationalism
a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country
sino Japenese war
1894-1895. Japan’s imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. it ended with the treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate
Formosa
former name of Taiwan
phrenologists
those versed in the study of the shape of the skull based on the belief that it indicates a person’s mental faculties and character
Charles Darwin
english natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
social darwinism
David Livingstone
an African explorer and missionary who hoped to open the African interior to trade and Christianity to end slavery.
east india company
and english company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.
Dutch East India Company
a trading company established by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in asia
king Leopold II
the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the congo river and by 1884 controlled the area known as the congo free state.
Cixi
ultra-conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty, supported the Boxer rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners
berlin conference
a meeting from 1884 to 1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa
treaty of Waitangi
a treaty signed in 1840 by the British and Maori tribes that guaranteed the rights of the original Maori inhabitants would be protected by the British crown
scramble for Africa
a sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France, and most of northwestern Africa. other countries (Germany. Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
Monroe doctrine
a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the US or the development of other countries in the western hemisphere
manifest destiny
a notion held by 19th century Americans that the united states was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the pacific
Roosevelt corollary
roosevelts 1904 extension of the Monroe doctrine, stating that the united states has the right to protect its economic interests in south and central America by using military force
great game
used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI
concentration camps
what refugee camps became knownas following the Boer wars, ravaged by starvation and poor sanitation
penal colony
a colony to which convicts are sent to as an alternative prision
Boer wars
a conflict lasting from 1899 to ton1902 in which the Afrikaners (dutch descendants) and the British fought for control of the territory in South Africa; British victory
seven years war
worldwide struggle between France and GB for power and control of land
Taiping rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion to overthrow the Qing dynasty in China led by Hong Xiuquan; Qing prevailed with the help of warlords, the British and the French
boxer rebellion
1899 rebellion ing Beijing, China. started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. the rebellion was ended by the British troops, supported by Cixi
Spanish American war
in 1898, a conflict between the united states and Spain, in which the US supported the Cubans fight for independence
spheres of influence
areas in which countries have some political and economic control, but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and US in China
settler colony
a colony where large numbers of people come to live and establish a permanent presence .
Afrikaners
descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa
Colonization society
established in 1893, leaders began plans to establish colonies in Mexico and Latin America
Indian territory
where Cherokee in the US were forced to move. present-day Oklahoma
trail of tears
the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in the east. More than 4,000 Cherokees dies of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey
quinine
a medicine used for fit=ghitng malaria and other fevers
Suez canal
a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
Tupac Amaru II
Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru. supported by many in the lower social classes. revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution
Jose Rizal
Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish
Usman dan Fodio
1804, led a group of muslim intellectuals to purify Islam among the Hausa tribes of the region of west Africa. created Sokoto caliphate
samory toure
leader of the Malinke peoples in west Africa who formed an army that fought against the french for 15 years. proclaimed himself king and guinea
Muhammad ahmad
a Sudanese man who announced he was the Mahdi, setting off resistance to British expansion in northern Africa
Yaa Asantewaa
queen of Asantes that led the fight aginst the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled
ghost dance
a religious dance of native americans looking for communication with the dead to help regain control over their land
indian rebellion in 1857
a revolt by the sepoy soldiers against the British rule in India. sparked by the use of animal fat in gun cartridges
philippine revolution
started in 1896, colonial people in full scale rebellion against Spain; state of truce by 1898; eventually sold to the US for $20 million
philippine-american war
rebellion in the Pacific in which the Filipino people attempted to gain their independence from the US. the campaign failed and the U.S. maintained control of the islands. the newly gained territory allowed the U..S to control/ increase trade in Asia
Maori wars
a series of wars in NZ that took place from 1846 to 1872 between the British and the native maori people
anglo-zulu war
conflict between the British and Zulu over land in south Africa, British victory
proclamation of 1763
a proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east
Indian removal act
a law passed in 1830 under President Andrew Jackson that forced many native American nations to move west of the Mississippi river
Indian national congress
a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WWI. led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Ghandi, appealing to the poor
Cherokee Nation
native american tribe that was forced to leave their land due to the Indian Removal Act
aboriginal
these people have the oldest continuous culture on earth. live in Australia
Xhosa
a major ethnic group (and language) in south Africa; fought against the British from 1811 to 1858 who sought to control them. began to kill their cattle and destroy their crops in the belief that these actions would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their lands.
pan africanism
a movement that stressed the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
sepoys
Indian troops who served the British army
Raj
British domination over India (1875-1947
Guano
bird droppings used as fertilizer, major trade item of Peru and Chile in the last 19th century
palm oil
a West African tropical product often used to make soap, used as lubrication for machines, and in candle-making
cecil rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician in volved in the expansion of the British empire from South Africa into central America. the colonies of southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him
De Beers Mining Company
owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world’s rough diamonds
export economics
a function of international trade whereby goods produced in 1 country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade
Monocultures
the cultivation of a single crop in a given area
Railroads
networks of iron
steamships
proved their own versatility by advancing up rivers to points that sailboats could not reach because of inconvenient twists, turns, or winds
telegraph
a device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. it was introduced in England and north America in the 1830s and 1840s
apartheid
a policy or system of segregation on the grounds of race; plagues south Africa during the 20th century
spice islands
Indonesia
treaty of Nanking
treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britan a large indemnity from the Qing empire, denied the qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britan
Opium War
a conflict between the British and China. lasting from 1839-1842, over Britain Opium imposition of drug trade in China
pampas
grassy, treeless plains of southern South America
culture system
under this, villagers either had to set aside 1/5 of their rice fields for such export crops such as sugar, coffee, or indigo, or work in a government field for 66 days if they had no land. introduced by the Dutch government in 1830
corvee labor
compulsory, unpaid labor required by a governing authority
cash crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
banana republic
a small country (especially in central America) that os politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies; the economy is usually dependent upon one export
indentured servants
a worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most were Asians
contract laborers
an immigrant who signed a contract in their home country to work for an employer elsewhere; they often were exploited as substitutes for slave labor or replaced a striking worker; usually received subsistence wages
diaspora
mass emigration from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years
great famine in Ireland
The result of 4 years of potato crop failure in ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple; caused mass emigration
Gandhi
led India’s independence movement form the British, was the leader of the INC, called for civil disobedience and peaceful non-cooperation, told Indians to boycott British goods, not pay taxes and not to vote
Porfirio Diaz
dicator in mexico, promoted immigration as well as development of mexico
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
a law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. the ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was in effect until WWII. first significant law that restricted immigration in the US
white Australia policy
a policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia.
gold rush
large immigration of people to a newly discovered gold field
white collar
relating to work done or those who work in an office or other professional enviornemnt
blue collar
relating to the working class of those who preform manual labor and usually earn an hourly wage
ethnic enclave
a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct form those in the surrounding area
natal indian congress
an organization that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in south Africa
Kanngani system
replaces indentured servitude. entire families were recruited to work. their lives were less restricted then indentured servants
