5.3-5.10 Flashcards
textiles
cloth items
spinning jenny
a machine that could spin several threads at once
water frame
powered by water; turned out yatf mich faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to the development of mechanized looms
James Hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
invented the water frame
factory system
a method of production that brought many machines and workers together into one building
agricultural revolution
a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. the production of food rose dramatically.
crop rotation
a system of growing a different crop in a different field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
seed drill
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields
industrial revolution
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
industrialization
the development of industries for the machine production of goods
cottage industry
manufacturing based in homes rather than ina factory. commonly found before the industrial revolution
Eli whitney
invented the cotton gin, and revolutionized interchangeable parts.
interchangeable parts
identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
division of labor
when work is broken into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
specialization of labor
tp train or specialize people in cartain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker
assembly line
in a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker with each person performing a different task on a single product
enclosure movement
18th century privatization of common lands in england, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization
capital
money for investment
seaways
inland waterways capable of accommodating seagoing ships; one of Britain’s geographical advantages
raw materials
the basic resource from which a product is made
manchester
city in England. one of the leading industrial areas; an example of an industrial revolution city; first major rail line linked Liverpool to this location in 1830
Liverpool
city and one of the largest ports in England.
Trans-Siberian railroad
allowed easier exporting of goods. provided transportation through the Ural mountains. allowed more people to settle in Siberia.
human captial
the knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience
company rule
the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian sub-continent .
coal
a combustable black or dark brown rock consisting of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel
coaling stations
seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal
alexander graham bell
credited with inventing the telephone
guglielmo marconi
Italian electrical engineer who is known as the father of the radio
transcontinental railroad
railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
steam engine
a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
James watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in the industry
steel
a form of iron that is both durable and flexible. it was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment
oil
a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant
second industrial revolution
involved the development of chemicals, oil, electrical and steel industries. mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. it saw the popularization of cinema and radio. provided widespread employment and increased population
mamluks
under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries. they eventually found their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria.
Muhammad ali
leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century
Matthew perry
the commmodore of the US navy who compelled the opening of japan to the west
zaibatsu
large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political power in imperial japan. by WWII four of the controlled most of the economy in japan
automatic loom
allowed for clothes to be made faster and changed bobbins automatically with out stopping
Meiji restoration
in 1868, a Japanese-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese, who had previously existed as a symbolic figure
charter oath
5 point policyissued by japans maiji emporer, which described japans plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and accenpence of foreign knowledge
corporations
businesses that are owned by many investors who by shares of a stock
stockholders
people or entities that own stock in a corporation therefore are it owners
stock market
general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying or selling of stock shares issued by a company
monopoly
complete control of a product or industry by one person or group
cecil rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British empire from South Africa into Central Africa. the colonies of southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after hi
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation
the prominent bank established and based in hong kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the British empire
Unilever corporation
a British, dutch venture focused on household goods- most famously, soap
consumerism
a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of those who purchase goods and services
urbanization
the growth of cities
Bessemer process
a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
socialism
a political and economic theory f social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Karl Marx
1818-1833. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. ofter recognized as the father of communism. analysis of history led to his belief the communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. believed in classless society
Fredrich Engels
socialist who wrote the communist manifesto with Karl Marx in in 1848
communist manifesto (1848)
a book written by Karl Marx. it suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle-class factory owners and then set up a classless, socialist community. this book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world
means of production
the tools, factories, and and investment capital used to produce wealth
communism
a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of al property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; radical socialism
John Stuart Mill
english philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of utilitarianism (1806-1873); championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions in factories
utilitarianism
the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Labor unions
an organizatio formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
proletariat
marx’s term for exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own means of production- the working class
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people
Bushido
The feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
genros
the elder statesmen of japan who formerly advised the emporer
Mahmud II
ottoman sultan; built a private professional army; tormented the revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with the private army; destroyed the power of janissaries and crushed them with a private army. destroyed power of janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on western precedents
Tanzimat
Restructuring reforms by the 19th century ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elited and make military and bureaucracy more efficent
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the British empire
Unilever Corporation
A British, Dutch venture, focused on household goods, most famously soap.
consumerism
a movemen advocating greater protection of the interests of those who purchase goods and services
Urbanization
growth of cities
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th-century philosopher, political economist, and sociologist. father of communism. believed in a classless society.
Fredrich Engles
socialist who wrtoe the communist manifesto with Karl Marxin 1848
Communist manifesto
written by Karl Marx. suggested that the proletarians would over throw the bourgeoisie
means of production
the tools, factories land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
communism
theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common. actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. radical socialism
John Stuart Mill
english philosopher and economist. interpretation of ultarianism. allow labor unions, limit child labor, ensure safe working conditions
utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people
labor unions
an organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
Proletariat
Marx’s terms for the lower or exploited class. those who do not own the means of production.
bourgeoisie
middle class, including merchants industrialists and professional people
Bushido
Feudal Japan Code of Honor among the warrior class
genros
elder statesmen of Japan who formerly advised the Emporer
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan: built private professional army which he used to crush janissaries
Tanzimat
restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers intended to move civil law away from religious elites and make bureaucracy more efficient
Hatt-i Humayun
far-reaching reform decree issued by Sultan Abdul Mejid I in 1856. took away political power from religious figureheads
millets
self-governing religious communities
self-strengthening movement
Late 19th century movement from china to counter the challenge from the west. led by provincial leaders
Emporer guangxu
in 1898, he implemented the hundred days of reform with a series of reforms such as westernized gov., schools and military
hundred days reform
series of weseern style reforms launched in 1898 to attempt to meet a foreign challenge
empress Cixi
dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the boxer rebellion
mass production
efficient output of large numbers of identical goods
tenement
a building where families rent rooms or apartments with often little sanitation or safetey
slums
an overcrowded, dirty area of a city commonly in very poor conditions
working class
a social class composed of people working blue-collar jobs. labored in factories and coal mines
white collar
factory and office managers, small business owners and professionals
