Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 125 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the reason for the variation in cell shape

A

Function form are interrelated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the two ways of studying cells

A

Microscopy:
-light
Brightfield, fluorescent, phase contrast
-electron
S.E.M. And T.E.M

Biochemistry:
Cell fractionation
Can separate organelles or protein
Complexes. Cintrifical force diagram on slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe prokaryotes cells

A

Prokaryotes – end domain bacteria, and domain archaea
Average diameter of two micro meters
Nearly all have DNA in a nucleode region(no nucleus), circular chromosomes, phospholipid based plasma membrane, 70s ribosomes, cytoplasm
Some have: a proteoglycan cell wall, glycocalyx, fimbriae, flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotes – domain eukaryote; kingdoms, and Animila, Plantia, Protista , fungi
10 to 100 µm in diameter varying shapes, and sizes
Nearly all have: plasma membrane, DNA in the nucleus, linear chromosomes, 80s ribosomes, internal membranes and membrane bound organelles, mitochondria
Some have chloroplasts (plants and some protists), cell walls(Cellulose in plants chitin in fungi), vacuoles for storage, Celia, flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Venn diagram, comparing contrast, prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Be able to identify basic regions/structure of a eukaryote cell

A

Plasma membrane nucleus, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane is described by the fluid Mosé model
The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of phospholipids proteins and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe what is meant by the term selectively permeable

A

The lipid membrane provides a barrier to large molecules and charged molecules/ions
The lipid membrane does not provide a barrier to nonpolar molecules, such as lipids or steroids or molecules like H2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Be able to describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

The functions of the nucleus are
DNA storage
Replication
Transcription
RNA production
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main organelles in the cytoplasm and their functions?

A

Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration

Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It has two types: rough and plasmic reticulum (ribosomes) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus: processes, swords, and ships proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell

Lysosomes: contain enzymes that digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign materials

Ribosomes: structures responsible for protein synthesis by translating mRNA

Proxy: breakdown fatty acids, and detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide

Centrioles: Involved in organizing microtubials and care important during cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Structure
Two subunits(one larger one smaller)
Made of rRNA and proteins
Subunits assemble after mRNA binds
Bacteria have 70 S ribosomes, smaller than eukaryote 80 s ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ribosome function

A

Located in the cytoplasm
Translates mRNA information to build proteins
Sometimes the mRNA sequences make the ribosome dock to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and make proteins in the end membrane system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure of the endomembrane system

A

Parts:
Nuclear envelope
Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the function of the endomembrane system

A

Functions:
Many functions
But primary functions is to make, modify, and transport port proteins Destined for the Plasma membrane, the endomembrane system, or the extra cellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Extensive membrane bound compartment
Continues with nuclear envelope
Lacks bound ribosomes

17
Q

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Steroid production
Detoxification
Calcium storage
Carbohydrate metabolism

18
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Many ribosomes attached to the outer surface
Cisternae- flattened, stacked membrane sacks, forming the main structure of the RER
Continues the nuclear envelope

19
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles. Has a cis and trans. Proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum enter at the cis face exit at the trans face

20
Q

Describe the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosome docking
Folding the protein (chaperones)
Initial glycosylation
Transport to Golgi
RER also makes Phospholipids

21
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Post transitional modifications (primarily glycosylation)
Packaging and sending proteins
Retrograde transport of the Golgi

22
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes and plasma memory

A

Low pH digestive structure
Breaks down misfed endomembrane proteins
Breakdown and engulfed substances/bacteria
PM functions are related to the endomembrane
Site of exocytosis
Vesicles fused to plasma membrane to deliver TM proteins or ECM proteins
Site of endocytosis, phagocytosis
Glycosylated proteins must work on the surface for cell communication and other functions

23
Q

Acton protein is used in the cytoplasm. Describe how the acting gene produces the act and protein. No locations of events.

A
24
Q

The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) is a trans membrane protein embedded in the plasma membrane. Describe how the EFR gene produces the protein. No locations.

A
25
Q

Describe the mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane (outer and inner)
Cristae and matrix
Like prokaryotes it has circular DNA, 70 S ribosomes, prokaryotic tRNA, rRNA

26
Q

Describe the functions of the mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration
Membrane contains ATP and converts ATP to ATP(adds a third phosphate to ADP)
Produces heat

27
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A

In Plants and some proteins
Like mitochondria, chloroplast have:
Its own genome, circular DNA, 70 S ribosomes, its own rRNA and tRNA
Thylakoid membranes

28
Q

Describe the chloroplast functions

A

Photosynthesis
Converts light energy into chemical energy
Carbon fixation
Uses carbon from CO2 to produce sugars

29
Q

Describe the functions of vacuoles

A

Functions vary but are primarily temporary or long-term storage
Examples:
Food vacuoles -phagocytosis; phagosomes fuse with lysosomes; phagolysosomes digest stuff

Contractile vacuoles – collect water and pump it out of protozoa cells

Central vacuoles (in plants)

30
Q

Describe the structure of vacuoles

A

A fluid filled sack, enclosed by a limited by layer membrane

31
Q

Describe the structure and function of peroxisomes

A

Structure:
Membrane bound, organelle in the cytoplasm

Functions:
Oxidation
Produces reactive, oxygen species to
breakdown fatty acids
Convert hydrogen peroxide back into water
Reduces reactive, oxygen species
Makes long chain fatty acids
Produced bile (in liver cells)

32
Q

Describe the scientific consensus on the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplast

A

Endosymbiosis theory: ( how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes)
The plasma membrane of an early ancestor of eukaryotes is invaginated to form the endomembrane system.
The Ancestor engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
The engulfed cell formed a dependent relationship with the host cell, becoming in endosymbiont
The endosymbionts evolved into mitochondria
At least one of these cells may have taken a photosynthetic prokaryote, which evolved into a chloroplast.

33
Q

Why do humans not have chloroplast according to the endosymbiosis theory

A

The ancestral eukaryote cell that gave rise to animals/humans did not engulf a photosynthetic bacteria, which was the origin of chloroplast

34
Q

What phenomena are explained by the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Why Mitochondria and chloroplast have DNA
Why mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is circular, like prokaryotes
Why mitochondria and chloroplast have ribosomes, and why they are like prokaryote ribosomes
Why all chloroplast – containing cells also have mitochondria, but not all mitochondrial cells have chloroplasts
Why the nuclear envelope has two lipid by layers
Why the inside of the end membrane system is most similar to the outside surface of the plasma and memory

(Two lipid bilayer) bc It originated from the engulfment of a prokaryotic cell by a larger cell, resulting in the inner membrane being derived from prokaryote cell membrane in the outer membrane being derived from the hosts compare and contrast plasma membrane.

35
Q

What phenomena are explained by the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Why Mitochondria and chloroplast have DNA
Why mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is circular, like prokaryotes
Why mitochondria and chloroplast have ribosomes, and why they are like prokaryote ribosomes
Why all chloroplast – containing cells also have mitochondria, but not all mitochondrial cells have chloroplasts
Why the nuclear envelope has two lipid by layers
Why the inside of the end membrane system is most similar to the outside surface of the plasma and memory

(Two lipid bilayer) bc It originated from the engulfment of a prokaryotic cell by a larger cell, resulting in the inner membrane being derived from prokaryote cell membrane in the outer membrane being derived from the hosts compare and contrast plasma membrane.

36
Q

Compare and contrast the main types of cytoskeleton elements in the cytoplasm

A

Microfilaments: made of acting, 7 nm, cell shape, and motility. Acting microfilaments, structure and mobility.

Microtubules : made of tubulin, 25 nm tubes, cell shape, mitosis, vesicle trafficking. Structure, intercellular and molecular motility.

Intermediate filliments: 8 to 12 nm, cell shape, structure, and support.

37
Q

Describe the extra cellular components that help cells communicate and coordinates

A
  1. Extracellular matrix (EMC)
    The EMC is made up of glycol proteins, such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
    EMC proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins.
38
Q

Describe the extra cellular components that help cells communicate and coordinate

A
  1. Cell walls.
    Cell walls provide extra cellular, structure, support, and protection
    Make sure the cell doesn’t swell too much hypnotic solutions
    Plants: cellulose
    Some bacteria: peptidoglycan
    Fungi: chitin
39
Q

Describe the extra cellular components that help cells communicate and coordinate

A

3.Cell junctions:
Tight junctions: between epithelial cells (gut lining)
Desmosomes: rivet cells together (muscle cells tied together by Desmosomes)
Gap junctions: small channels. Some ions pass through.

Bio 125 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions