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Bio 125 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Saturated fats

A

No double bonds in the fatty acid chains
Are solid at room temperature
Are associated with heart problems

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2
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Have double bonds
Are liquid at room temperature
Plant fats, oils, cold, water, fish, insects

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3
Q

hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen to compounds
The hydrogen in Hydrogenation removes the double bonds, increasing the melting point (of oil)
There is partial and full hydrogenation

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4
Q

Trans fat

A

Fats with cis double bond
Unnatural
Increase melting point of oils (turn oil into margarine)

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5
Q

Cis double bond

A

A chemical bond were two identical groups attached to the carbon atoms of a double bond are positioned on the same side of the bond plane

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6
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate group head connected to the 2 fatty acid tails by a glycerol group
Amphipathic ( they have a Hydrolific polar side hydrophobic side)
The hydrophobic tails form the inside of the phospholipid by layer of cell membranes

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7
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton with four fused rings

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8
Q

Cholesterol

A

Is steroid found in animal cell membranes
Important for maintaining proper membrane fluidity
High levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular diseases
Precursor for human sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen ( building block for steroids)

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9
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids folded into functional forms that do much of the work and cells

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10
Q

Protein functions

A

Enzymes, storage, hormones, contractile, proteins, structure, receptors, transport, defensive, proteins, signaling proteins, communication, many more

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11
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecules with:
central alpha carbon bonded to an amino group(NH2), a Carboxyl group(COOH), a hydrogen and a Variable side chain called an R group

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12
Q

Amino acids

A

The monomer of protein
Linked together by peptide bond and unbranched chains
Make peptides and proteins ( final functional unit)

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13
Q

Peptide bond

A

A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule releasing a molecule of water

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14
Q

Features that make amino acid side, chains, nonpolar, and hydrophobic, polar, or charged

A

Non-polar:
Mostly carbon and hydrogens
No electronegative, oxygen or nitrogen at the end of the R group
Hydrophobic

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15
Q

Features that make amino acid side, chains, nonpolar, and hydrophobic, polar, or charged

A

Polar:
Has electronegative oxygen, nitrogen, or terminal SH in R group
Hydrophilic

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16
Q

Features that make amino acid side, chains, nonpolar, and hydrophobic, polar, or charged

A

Charged:
Acid – negative
Base – positive
Hydrophilic

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17
Q

R group

A

An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule

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18
Q

Poly peptide formation

A

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called peptide bonds to form poly peptides (These are unique types of bonds between carboxylic acid and amine groups.)

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19
Q

Poly peptides

A

Are polymers of amino acids
Can be thousands of amino acids long
Have unique linear, sequences of amino acids
Must be folded properly in order to function correctly

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20
Q

Name the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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21
Q

Protein structure: primary

A

The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids determined by DNA sequence

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22
Q

Protein structure: secondary

A

Secondary structure is found in most proteins, consisting of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

The coils and folds of secondary structure result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constitutes of the poly peptide backbone
Typical secondary structures are a coil called an alpha helix, and a folded structure called a beta pleated sheet

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23
Q

Protein structure: tertiary

A

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (r groups)

The overall shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constitutes
These interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic, interactions, and Vanderwall’s interactions
Strong covalent bonds called die sulfide bridges may reinforce the protein structure

24
Q

Protein structure: quarternary

A

Quarternary structure results when a protein consist of multiple polypeptide chains

Extraordinary structure results when two more polypeptide changes from one functional macromolecule
Collagen is a fibrous protein, consisting of three peptides coiled like a rope
Hemoglobin is an oxygen binding, globular, protein, consisting of four bides, two alpha and two beta sub units

25
Q

Spider shit

A

Spiders secrete secret fibers made made of a structure protein containing beta pleated sheets, which allows the spiderweb to stretch and recoil

26
Q

Describe how the change in the DNA can lead to changes in the primary through ordinary structure of protein

A

A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein structure and ability to function
Sickle cell disease, and inherited blood disorder results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
The abnormal hemoglobin molecules caused the red blood cells to aggregate into chains into deform into a sickle shape

27
Q

List three things that can cause proteins to denature

A

Alternations in:
PH
Salt concentration
Temperature
Environmental factors can also cause a protein to unravel
Loss of a protein native structure is called denaturization
A denature protein is biologically inactive (gelatin)

28
Q

Describe nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acids are polymers of the monomer nucleotides
They are called poly nucleotides
There are two types: DNA and RNA
They are hydrophilic
They transmit and help express hereditary information

29
Q

Define DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic acid that stores information
Located in the nucleus and mitochondria of eukaryote cells
Located in the nucleoid region of prokaryotes
Arranged into genes within the genome of organisms

30
Q

Define RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
Primarily, transmits information from DNA to proteins
Made in the nucleus in eukaryotes, functions in the cytoplasm

31
Q

Describe nucleotides

A

The monomers of nucleic acid
Made up of:
A sugar
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base

32
Q

Types of nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines:
DNA: cytosine and thymine
RNA: cytosine and uracil
Purines: adenine and guanine

33
Q

Types of pentose sugar

A

Deoxyribose – in the DNA
ribose– in RNA

34
Q

Explain how nucleic acids are linked together

A

Sugar phosphate, backbone:
The phosphate is connected to the five’(5prime) carbon of the sugar
The five’ end reacts with the three’ (three prime) hydroxyl of the sugar in the next nucleotide
The nucleic acid grow in the five’ to 3’ direction, assisted by polymerase enzymes

35
Q

Explain how DNA code is used to build proteins in eukaryote cells. ( the central dogma of molecular biology.)

A

Central dogma of molecular biology: information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

  1. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed to produce mRNA
  2. mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds a ribosome
  3. The ribosome translates the mRNA message and builds a poly peptide
36
Q

Describe the structure of DNA molecules

A

Each DNA molecule has two anti-parallel nucleotides
5’ —> 3’ and 3’ <— 5’
Clockwise double helix
Sugar phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds
Night nitrogenous bases pair, and form hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and C pairs with G
That is called complementary base pairing
The hydrogen bonds are broken when DNA duplicates (replication) and when mRNA is made from genes( transcription)

37
Q

Describe the structure of RNA molecules

A

RNA is single stranded in cells and can be double stranded in some viruses
Find mean is replaced by your uracil. A pairs with U
Nitrogenous bases can form hydrogen bonds as the RNA folds
Three major types of RNA all help make protein:
m RNA – carries info to the ribosome
r RNA – makes up part of the ribosome
tRNA – transfer amino acids to the ribosome

38
Q

The COVID-19 vaccine is RNA made from the same nucleotides you already have in your body

A

The mRNA, for only the coronavirus spike protein induces a strong immune response

39
Q

Explain how an mRNA vaccine works

A

Scientist discovered the mRNA sequence for the spike protein
mRNA is packaged in lipid, nano particles and injected into the patient. The mRNA is broken.
The patient immune system learns to recognize anything with the spike protein

40
Q

Explain why getting COVID-19 naturally spreads the virus

A

It takes at least one week for the immune system to learn a new foreign antigen and make antibodies
The virus is able to replicate, spread, and evolve during this time
On the second exposure, the immune system can make antibodies quickly, dramatically, reducing the time the virus can spread

41
Q

Describe the human human genome project and it’s important

A

The human genome project is a huge 10+ year effort to sequence and arrange the entire 3 billion base sequence for Homo sapiens it cost more than $15 million. Now you can sequence your genome from the $2000.
Dr. Francis Collins led the human genome project. He was the Director of the national institutes of health. He was Christian author of the language of God. He founded bio logos and brings Christianity and science together.

42
Q

Benefits of the genome project

A

Resulted in inexpensive DNA sequencing
Allows for personalized medicine in comparison of genomes within an across species

43
Q

Define bioinformatics, genomics, and proteomics

A

The human genome project generated a massive amount of data. Computer and software technology advanced, allowing for analysis of big data.

Bioinformatics: the use of computer software and other computational tools to handle and analyze big sets of data

Genomics: the study of large sets of genes or even whole genomes

Proteomics
The study of large sets of proteins

Genomics and proteomics has helped advanced medical applications, paleontology , species, interactions, conservation, biology, evolutionary relationships

44
Q

Explain how DNA and proteins are used as tape measures of evolution

A

Analyzing DNA or protein sequence in different species can help us determine which species are more closely related.
More similar sequences = more closely related
Genomics and proteomics cannot help us understand, creation, structured development, but can be used to better design crops, medicines, and other things

45
Q

All living this are made up of

A

Carbohydrates- energy and signaling
proteins- do the work in the cell
lipids- fats, separate compartments
nucleic acids- DNA and RNA

46
Q

Carbs proteins and nucleic acids

A

Are macromolecules. Large and complex
Polymers- chains built from monomers

47
Q

Lipids

A

Small. Not built into polymers

48
Q

How are macromolecule monomers built in the polymers

A

Monomers are built into polymers through dehydration synthesis chemical reactions, facilitated by enzymes. Enzymes are catalyst. The speed up reactions are not used up. Polymers are broken into monomers by hydroglyses

49
Q

Describe Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars.
Sugar monomers, monosaccharides, can be linked together to form more complex carbohydrates, polymers.
Monosaccharide classified the location of the carbon group (Aldose end or ketose middle). The number of carbons in the carbons skeleton and the bond arrangements on the carbon.

50
Q

Describe the three types of sugars

A

Monosaccharides:
Simple sugar
Usually in regular structure
Galactose, glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, and ribose

Disaccharides:
Choosing sugars foreign by a dehydration synthesis to produce a glycosidic linkage
Maltose lactose sucrose

Polysaccharides:
Polymer assemblies of monomers linked together in linear or branch chains
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

51
Q

Name comparing contrast three disaccharides that are important in nutrition

A

Maltose – found in starchy grains, vegetables, fruits
Produced from from two glucose monosaccharides

Lactose – found in milk
Produced from glucose + galactose

Sucrose– table sugar
Produced from a fruit sugar, fructose, and glucose

52
Q

Describe two polysaccharide used to store glucose for energy

A

Starch – made and stored in plants. Mostly unbranched chains of glucose molecules.

Glycogen – made animal livers, stored in muscles and liver highly ranged chains of glucose molecules

53
Q

Describe to polysaccharides used for structural support

A

Chitin– found an exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects

Cellulose – part of plant cell walls, and made up of unbranched glucose, using a different linkage than starch
Humans do not have the enzyme needed to breakdown Salos bonds, but some microbes do

54
Q

Describe biologically important lipids

A

Fats – energy storage molecules
Phospholipids – make up membranes
Steroids – hormones
Waxes – found in ear

Lipids are generally small hydrophobic hydrocarbons that do not form polymers

55
Q

Describe fats

A

Fats – hydrocarbons used for energy storage as adipose tissue, insulation humans, protection around kidneys

56
Q

Fats are constructed from two types of small molecules

A

Glycerol – three carbon alcohol with hydroxy group attached to each carbon

Fatty acids – carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon very in length and position of double bonds

Bio 125 (5 decks)

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