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Human Geography > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the 1800s, what percent of the US population lived in Urban Areas?

A

6% of 5.3 million

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2
Q

How much of the population today lives in Urban Areas?

A

More than 4/5 of 309 million

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3
Q

Why do cities develop?

A
  • Because of the Industrial Revolution
  • US cities were built by water
  • Cities developed around a Central Business District (CBD)
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4
Q

Why do services cluster Downtown?

A

CBD land uses (services offered), and Competition for Land in the CBD.

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5
Q

What percent of urban land does the CBD take up?

A

Less than 1%, yet contains a large percentage of the services offered in the city.

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6
Q

What are the three services offered in the CBD?

A
  1. Public Services
  2. Business Services
  3. Consumer Services
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7
Q

What are Public Services?

A

City hall, courts, county & state agencies, libraries…
- Centrally located for ease of accessibility to all residents
- Sports centers & convention centers are often downtown to stimulate commerce in the CBD

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8
Q

What are Business Services?

A

Advertising agencies, banks, financial institutions, and law firms.
- Proximity to other service providers for businesses promotes collaboration and face-to-face meetings.

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9
Q

What are Consumer Services?

A

Historically, 3 types of retail services clustered in the CBD are..
- Retailers with a high threshold
- Retailers with a high range
- Retailers that served people who worked in the CBD

  • Changing shopping habits and a shift of the more affluent to the suburbs have reduced the importance of retail services in the CBD
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10
Q

Describe the Competition for Land in the CBD.

A
  • High demand for limited space in the CBD has encouraged vertical development
    »underground CBD
    »skyscrapers
  • Demand for space in the CBDs has made high-rise structures economically feasible
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11
Q

What is the Concentric Zone Model?

A
  • Created in 1923 by sociologist E.W. Burgess
  • First model to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas
    » Model suggests that a city grows outward from a Central area in a series of Concentric rings
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12
Q

Where is the CBD according to the Concentric Zone Model?

A

The innermost ring where nonresidential activities occur.

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13
Q

What is a Zone in Transition?

A

An area eventually consumed by CBD.

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14
Q

What is the Zone of Working-Class Homes?

A

Modest, older houses.

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15
Q

What is the Zone of Better Residence?

A

Newer, larger houses for middle-class families.

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16
Q

What is the Commuter Zone?

A

Area beyond the continuous built-up.

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17
Q

What is the Sector Model?

A

Created by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939.
- Model that posits a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
- As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or Sector, from the center

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18
Q

What is the Multiple Nuclei Model?

A

Created by geographers C.D. Harris and E.L. Ulman in 1945.
- Model posits that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
»examples: Ports, Universities, Airports, and Parks

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19
Q

What do the Models of Urban Structure help us understand?

A

Where people with different social characteristics tend to live and why.

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20
Q

What do critics point out about the Models?

A

They are too simple and may be too dated to explain contemporary urban patterns in the U.S. or in other countries.

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21
Q

What does combining the models do for geographers?

A

It helps them explain where different types of people live in a city.

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22
Q

Where do families in newer houses tend to live according to the Concentric Zone Model? Older families?

A

Newer families = live in the outer ring.

Older families = live in the inner ring

23
Q

True or False…
Given two families who own their houses, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector as the family with a lower income according to the Sector Model?

A

TRUE

24
Q

True or False..
People with different ethnic backgrounds are likely to live near each other according to the Nuclei Model?

A

FALSE!
People with the same ethnic background are likely to live near each other.

25
Q

According to the Sector Model, where does the wealthy live in Europe?

A

They still live in the inner portions of the upper-class sector, not just in the suburbs like most of the affluent (rich) in the U.S.

26
Q

According to the Concentric Zones Model, what are the newer houses in Europe?

A

Most of the newer housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants, unlike the U.S.

27
Q

In Paris, France, where do the wealthier people typically live?

A

They live in the center and to the Southwest Sector (often above sidewalk cafes).

28
Q

Where are the poor accommodated in Developing Countries?

A

The suburbs.

29
Q

Where do the wealthy live in Developing Countries?

A

Near the center of the city, as well as in a sector extending from the center.

30
Q

Living in Latin America, where do the wealthy people live?

A

The inner city and a sector extending along in a commercial spine.

31
Q

What is a City?

A

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
- In the U.S., these urban settlements are sometimes known as a Central City

32
Q

What is an Urban Area?

A

Consists of a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core.

33
Q

What two types of urban areas does the Census recognize?

A
  1. An urbanized area is an urban Area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
  2. An urban cluster is an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants
34
Q

What is the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)?

A

The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city which includes:
- an urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000
- the country within which the city is located
- adjacent countries with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working the central city’s county

35
Q

What is the Megalopolis?

A

When adjacent MSA’s overlap so that they now form one continuous urban complex.
»EX: extending north of Boston to South of Washington D.C.

36
Q

What is an Annexation?

A

The process of legally adding land area to a city.
- many U.S. cities grew rapidly in the 19th century, because they offered better services than available in the rural countryside (e.g. water supply, sewage disposal, etc.)

37
Q

What is the Density Gradient?

A

A phenomenon in which the United States tends to become less and less dense as one ventures farther from the city’s center.

38
Q

Flattening of the density Gradient for a metropolitan area means..

A

That its people and services are spread out over a larger area.

39
Q

What are U.S. suburbs characterized by?

A

(Suburbs) Sprawl - the progressive spread of development over the landscape.

40
Q

In how many ways is the modern residential suburb segregated?

A

TWO WAYS!

Social Class and Land Uses.

41
Q

What is Social Class with Suburban Segregation?

A

Similarly priced houses are typically built in close proximity to one another, thus attracting a specific range of income earners.

42
Q

What are Land Uses with Suburban Segregation?

A

Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact distinct areas.

43
Q

In the early 20th century, what has contributed most notably to the segregation of land uses associated with Suburban areas?

A

Zoning ordinances - A municipal law that outlines permitted uses for various sections of land.

44
Q

What is one part of Urban Transportation?

A

Motor Vehicles
- Cars + trucks permitted large-scale development of suburbs at greater distances from the city center
- Motor vehicles use a considerable amount of space in the U.S. cities
»an average city allocated about 1/4 of its land to roads and parking lots
»multi lane freeways
»valuable land in the central city is devoted to parking cars and trucks

45
Q

What is another part of Urban Transportation? What are the benefits?

A

Public Transit
- Benefits -
»larger cities –> public transit is better suited to move large numbers of people because each traveler takes up less space
»more cost effective than privately operated vehicles
»emits relatively less pollutants than privately operated vehicles
»more energy efficient than privately operated vehicles

46
Q

What are the limitations on Public Transit?

A

> > Most people in the U.S. overlook the benefits of public transit, because they place higher value on the privacy & flexibility of schedule offered by a car
Not offered in most U.S. cities

47
Q

What is the process of Deterioration?

A

Uses filtering, Redlining, and Public Housing.

48
Q

What is Filtering?

A

Large houses in older neighborhoods are subdivided into smaller dwellings for low-income families.

Over Time, landlords cease maintaining the properties when they are no longer economically feasible.

49
Q

What is Redlining?

A

Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money to purchase or to fix up a house.

Some banks engage in this
It is illegal but difficult to enforce.

50
Q

What is Public Housing?

A

During the mid-twentieth century, many substandard inner-city houses were demolished and replaced with public-housing reserved for low-income households, who must pay 30% of their income for rent.

> > A housing authority, established by the local government, manages the buildings, and the federal government pays for all expenses not cornered by rent

51
Q

Most of the high-rise public housing project built in the United States and Europe at this time are now considered…

A

Unsatisfactory for families with children.

52
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

A process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.
- Most U.S. cities have at least one substantially renovated inner-city neighborhoods where middle-class people live

53
Q

What are Middle Class-Families attracted to?

A

> > houses that may have more architectural character than those in the suburbs
proximity to culture and recreational activities
commuting time reduced to Central Business District

Human Geography (3 decks)

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