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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

recombinant DNA

A

fragment of DNA composed of sequences originating from at least two different sources

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2
Q

restriction endonucleases

A

enzymes that are able to cleave double-stranded DNA into fragments at specific sequences; also known as restriction enzymes

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3
Q

recognition site

A

a specific sequence within double-stranded
DNA, usually palindromic and consisting of four to eight nucleotides, that a restriction endonuclease recognizes and cleaves

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4
Q

sticky ends

A

fragment end of a
DNA molecule with short single-stranded overhangs, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme

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5
Q

blunt ends

A

fragment ends of a
DNA molecule that are fully base paired, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme

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6
Q

methylases

A

enzymes that add a methyl group to one of the nucleotides found in a restriction endonuclease recognition site, altering its chemical composition

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7
Q

methyl group

A

CH3

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8
Q

T4 DNA ligase

A

an enzyme used to join together DNA blunt or sticky ends

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9
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

separation of charged molecules on the basis of size by sorting through a gel meshwork

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10
Q

agarose

A

gel-forming polysaccharide found in some types of seaweed that is used to form a gel meshwork for electrophoresis

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11
Q

polyacrylamide

A

artificial polymer used to form a gel meshwork for electrophoresis

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12
Q

ethidium bromide

A

a carcinogenic, flat molecule that inserts itself among the rungs of the ladder of DNA and fluoresces under UV light

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13
Q

fluoresces

A

glows under UV light because of the excitation of a molecule’s electrons

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14
Q

plasmids

A

small circular pieces of DNA that can exit and enter bacterial cells

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15
Q

copy number

A

number of copies of a particular plasmid found in a bacterial cell

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16
Q

multiple-cloning site

A

region in plasmid that has been engineered to contain recognition sites of a number of restriction endonucleases

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17
Q

cloned

A

a fragment of DNA that has been introduced into a foreign cell, resulting in exact copies of the original DNA fragment being made when the foreign cell replicates and divides

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18
Q

transformation

A

introduction of foreign DNA, usually by a plasmid or virus, into a bacterial cell

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19
Q

vectors

A

vehicles by which DNA may be introduced into host cells

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20
Q

host cell

A

a cell that has taken up a foreign plasmid or virus and whose cellular machinery is being used to express the foreign DNA

21
Q

competent cell

A

a cell that readily takes up foreign DNA

22
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

Use: bacterial enzyme that cleaves
DNA sequences at a specific recognition site

23
Q

methylase

A

bacterial enzymes that add a methyl group to recognition sites to protect DNA from cleavage by restriction enzyme

24
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that joins complementary fragments by reconstituting phosphodiester bond of DNA backbone

25
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

process by which DNA fragments of different lengths are separated by electrical current, negative charge of DNA, and constant charge-to-mass ratio

26
Q

plasmid

A

small circular DNA that has the ability to enter and replicate in bacterial cells and, therefore, can be used as a vector to introduce new genes into a bacterial cell

27
Q

polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)

A

amplification of DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication

28
Q

DNA primers

A

short sequences of
DNA nucleotides that are complementary to the opposing 3’-to-5’ ends of the DNA target sequence that is to be replicated

29
Q

Taq polymerase

A

DNA polymerase, extracted from Thermus aquaticus, that is able to withstand high temperatures

30
Q

Thermus aquaticus

A

species of bacteria found in hot springs

31
Q

variable-length strands

A

mixture of strands of DNA that have been replicated and are of unequal length

32
Q

constant-length strands

A

mixture of strands of DNA that have been replicated and are of equal length

33
Q

polymorphism

A

any difference in
DNA sequence, coding or non-coding, that can be detected between individuals

34
Q

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis

A

a technique in which DNA regions are digested using restriction endonu-clease(s) and subiected to radioactive complementary DNA probes to compare the differences in DNA fragment lengths between individuals

35
Q

Southern blotting

A

a procedure that allows the DNA in an electrophoresis gel to be transferred to a nylon membrane while maintaining the position of the DNA band fragments

36
Q

hybridization

A

complementary base pairing between strands of nucleic acids via hydrogen bonding

37
Q

autoradiogram

A

gel pattern imprinted on X-ray film by radioactive probes

38
Q

Sanger dideoxy method

A

DNA sequencing technique based on
DNA replication that uses dideoxy nucleoside triphosphates

39
Q

dideoxy analogue

A

nucleoside triphosphate whose ribose sugar does not possess a hydroxyl group on the 2’ and the 3’ carbon

40
Q

genetic screening

A

process by which an individual’s DNA is scanned for genetic mutations

41
Q

gene therapy

A

the alteration of a genetic sequence in an organism to prevent or treat a genetic disorder

42
Q

pronociceptive transmitters

A

signal molecules that amplify pain sensation via a neurological pathway

43
Q

antinociceptive transmitters

A

signal molecules that dampen pain sensation via a neurological pathway

44
Q

antisense oligonucleotides

A

complementary DNA or RNA that anneals to mRNA and inhibits

45
Q

transgenic

A

organism in which foreign DNA has been artificially incorporated into its genome

46
Q

Ti plasmid

A

plasmid, found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria, that is able to enter plant cells

47
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A

type of bacteria that infects wounded plant cells and creates a crown gall

48
Q

Bt toxin

A

poisonous substance produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which acts as a natural herbicide

49
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

pattern of bands on a gel, originating from RFLP analysis or PCR, that is unique to each individual

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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