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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a.(Leaf diagram functions) Epidermis layer

A

It protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients.

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2
Q

b.(Leaf diagram functions) Mesophyll layers

A

is a leaf’s core underlying material. It is found in the middle of the leaf, between two layers of epidermal cells. It aids in gas exchange and photosynthesis via chloroplasts.

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3
Q

c.(Leaf diagram functions) Guard cells

A

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

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4
Q

d.(Leaf diagram functions) Stomata

A

Regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore.

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5
Q

e.(Leaf diagram functions) Vascular bundles

A

plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue

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6
Q

(Leaf diagram functions) xylem

A

transports water and minerals to the leaves

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7
Q

(Leaf diagram functions) phloem

A

transport the photosynthetic products to the other parts of the plant.

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8
Q

a.(Chloroplasts functions) Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

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9
Q

b.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoids

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

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10
Q

c.(Chloroplasts functions) Grana

A

The stacks of thylakoids embedded in a chloroplast.

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11
Q

d.(Chloroplasts functions) Lamellae

A

Increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together.

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12
Q

e.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoid membrane

A

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.

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13
Q

f.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoid lumen

A

A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.

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14
Q

Photoexcitation

A

absorbtion of a photon by an electron of chlorophyll. The photon strikes the chlorophyll molecule and its electron gains energy and moves from its ground state to its excited state.

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15
Q

Photosystems

A

Cluster of photosynthetic pigments and proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

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16
Q

Photons

A

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

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17
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

A form of energy exhibiting wavelike behaviour

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18
Q

Spectroscope

A

An instrument that separates light into a spectrum.

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19
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

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20
Q

Van Helmont

A

Plants grow by taking in water

21
Q

Joseph Priestley

A

Discovered oxygen gas

22
Q

Action spectrum

A

A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

23
Q

Van Niel

A

Photosynthetic transfer of electrons, from a donor to an acceptor

24
Q

Blackman

A

Light and Dark reactions, dépendant on CO2 availability

25
Q

Engelmann

A

Discovered how different wavelengths of light affect the rate of photosynthesis

26
Q

Ground State

A

Lowest Energy state of an electron

27
Q

Excitation

A

An electron being promoted from a lower to a higher energy level

28
Q

Reaction centre

A

Large protein complex containing chlorophyll a

29
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Captures light energy, converts to chemical energy, used to produce ATP + NADPH

CYCLIC

30
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

The range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light

31
Q

Photosystem 2

A

Captures light… etc, produces ATP and O^2

Non-cyclic

PS2 produces O2

32
Q

Accessory pigments

A

a.B-carotene
b.xanthophylls
c.anthocyanins

33
Q

Z-Protein

A

Protein produced by Ebola virus disease, or the way electron transfer chains are shaped “z-scheme”

34
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation

A

Light btwn the frequencies of 400-700nm is useable b photosynthetic organisms

important for plant

determines energy available for photosynthesis

35
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis

36
Q

Ground state

A

The lowest energy state of an atom

37
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Occurs in PS1
Transfer in closed loop
Only produces ATP
Balances rate of ATP+NADPH

38
Q

Antenna complex

A

number of chlorophyll and accessory pigments that absorb photons and transfer energy from pigment to pigment until they reach the reaction centre

39
Q

Reaction centre

A

protein complex containing chloryphyll a that absorbs the energy, passes the electron to an acceptor and becomes reduced.

40
Q

Non-cyclic electron flow

A

Occurs in both photosystems
Linear transfer
Produces ATP AND NADPH
Generates O2
Known as Z scheme

41
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosyntesis

42
Q

C 4 photosynthesis

A

modification for dry environments. C-4 plants exhibit modified anatomy and biochemical pathways, which enable them to minimize excessive water loss and maximize sugar production.

43
Q

CAM plants

A

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis.

44
Q

Transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from plants through the stomata

45
Q

Light reactions

A

first set of reaction of photosynthesis in which light energy exites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP+ tp NADPH

46
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

47
Q

Calvin cycle

A

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

48
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis

A

a. Light intensity-light-compensation point, light-saturation point
b. Temperature
c. Oxygen concentration
d. Carbon dioxide concentration
e. Quality of light

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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