Unit 6 Flashcards
service
Service: any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
consumer service
Consumer services: a business that provides services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services.
business service
Business services: a service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.
public service
Public services:a service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
settlement
Settlement: a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
city states
City-states: A small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area
central place theory
Central place theory: a theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
market area (hinterland)
Market area (Hinterland) : the area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services.
range
Range (of a service): the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
market area analysis
Market Area Analysis: The range and threshold together determine whether a good or service can be profitable in a particular location
threshold
Threshold: The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
rank size rule
Rank-size rule: a pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
primate city rule
Primate city rule: a pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
primate city
Primate city: the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
gravity model
Gravity model: a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
food desert
Food desert: an area that has a substantial amount of low income residents and has poor access to a grocery store.
periodic market
Periodic market: a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location of specified days.
global city / world city
Global city/World city: a major center for the provision of services in the global economy.
offshore financial services
Offshore financial services: Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.
back offices
Back offices: An office or center in which the administrative work of a business is carried out, as opposed to its dealings with customers.
economic base
Economic base: the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself, earning income to support the urban population.
multiplier effect
Multiplier effect: Describes the expansion of an area’s economic base as a result of the basic and non-basic industries located there.
basic sector (businesses/industries)
Basic (sector) businesses/industries: a business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
nonbasic sector (businesses/industries)
Nonbasic (sector) businesses/industries: a business that sells its products primarily to consumers in the community.
post industrial society
Post Industrial society: Countries where most people are no longer employed in industry.
clustered rural settlement
Clustered rural settlement: a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement.
dispersed rural settlment
Dispersed rural settlement: a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
enclosure movement
Enclosure movement: the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
leap frog development
Leapfrog development: occurs when developers skip over land to obtain cheaper land further away from cities, thus, leaving huge areas empty between the city and the new development.
urbanization
Urbanization: an increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements.
megacity
Megacity: an urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people
metacity
Metacity: an urban settlement with a total population in excess of 20 million people.
core
Core: National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.
periphery
Periphery:countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living.
semi-periphery
Semi-Periphery: countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.”
central city
Central city:an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA): In the US, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
micropolitan statistical area (µSA)
Micropolitan statistical areas: an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent to the city.
core based statistical area (CBSA)
Core-based statistical area (CBSA): In the US, the collection of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas.
combined statistical area (CSA)
Combined statistical area (CSA): In the US, two or more contiguous core-based statistical areas are tied together by commuting patterns.
urban area
Urban area: a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low density land that links the dense suburbs with the core.
urbanized area
Urbanized area: In the US, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
urban cluster
Urban cluster: In the US, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
megalopolis
Megalopolis: a continuous urban complex in the north eastern US.
central business district (CBD)
Central business district (CBD): the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.
burgess concentric zone model
Burgess Concentric zone model: created in 1923 by sociologist Ernest Burgess, a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings. (like growth of rings of a tree)
hoyt sector model
Hoyt Sector model: developed in 1939 b y land economist Homer Hoty, a city develops in a series of sectors. Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities, originally because of an environmental factor or even by mere chance.
harris and ullman multiple nuclei model
Harris and Ulman Multiple nuclei model: developed by geographers Chancey Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945,a city is a complex structure that includes a CBD as well as other centers around which activities occur.
harris galactic (peripheral) model
Harris Galactic (peripheral) model: The model is based on the city of Detroit, Michigan and is made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it
edge cities
Edge cities: an urban area with a large suburban residential and business area surrounding it
african city model
African city model: a generalized diagram of an urban area in sub-Saharan Africa that contains pre-colonial, European colonial, and post-colonial elements and is or was segregated by race. The African City Model was created by geographer Harm de Blij and was first published in 1977.
south east asia city model
South east Asia city model:each feature high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery. (no CBD)
latin america city model
Latin America city model: combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. (includes CBD)
social area analysis
Social area analysis: a statistical procedure to identify from a sometimes quite large database of socio-economic data the most salient underlying variable.
census tract
Census tracts: An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
informal settlement/squatter settlement
Informal settlement/squatter settlements: An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
islamic cities
Islamic cities: contain mosques/bazaars at their center and walls guarding their perimeter
bazaar
Bazaar: a market consisting of a street lined with shops; a place where miscellaneous items are sold.
concentric zones
Concentric Zones: describes expansion in concentric rings around the central business district.
disamenity zone
Disamenity zone: The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.
spine
Spine: main transportation into the city (large road). wealthy downtown and along the spine. poorest on outer edge
city
City: conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.
suburb
Suburb: A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city
annexation
Annexation: The process of legally adding land area to a city
suburban sprawl
Suburban Sprawl: the development of suburbs at a relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the extending built up area
discontiguous suburbs
Discontiguous Suburbs: suburban areas of land which are not contiguous or fragmented.
density gradient
Density gradient: The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery. The density changes in an urban area. The number of houses per unit of land diminishes at distance from the center city increases
smart growth
Smart growth: Legislation and regulation to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland
residential segregation
Residential segregation: Housing in a given suburban community is usually built for people of a single social class, with others excluded by virtue of the cost, size, or location of the housing
commercial segregation
Commercial segregation: Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas
fragmentation
Fragmentation: divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity.
redlining
Redlining: refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk.
blockbusting
Blockbusting: A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move.
zoning ordinance
Zoning ordinance: a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community
decentralization
Decentralization: the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city.
green belt
Green Belt: a designated area of land around a city or urban area that is protected from development in order to preserve open space, reduce urban sprawl, and promote sustainable land use.
boomburbs
Boomburbs: rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000
exurbs
Exurbs: The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city.
underclass
Underclass: a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic disadvantages.
gentrification
Gentrification: a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.
public housing
Public housing: Housing owned by the government
carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Carbon capture and storage (CCS): a process that involves capturing waste CO2 transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere normally underground.
brown fields
Brown Fields: real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant
infilling
Infilling: The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.
rural preservation
Rural preservation: preserve open space, protect air and water quality, provide places for recreation, and create tourist attractions that bring investments into the local economy.
filtering
Filtering: A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment.
