Unit 2 Flashcards
carrying capactiy
Carrying Capacity: the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources such as food and water. The number of people that a region can support without environmental degradation.
5 major agglomerations
5 Major Agglomerations: Human populations are clustered, people live where it is most convenient.
overpopulation
Overpopulation: the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
demography
Demography: the scientific study of population characteristics.
cartogram
Cartogram: a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form.
census
Census: a complete enumeration of a population.
ecumene
Ecumene: the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
non ecumene
Non-Ecumene:the portion of Earth’s surface which is not inhabited by humans.
arithmetic density
Arithmetic density: the total number of objects in an area.
population density
Population Density: the number of people living within an area.
population distribution
Population distribution: the share of inhabitants by types of regions in a given country.
arable land
Arable land: land suited for agriculture.
physiological density
Physiological density: the number of people per unit area of arable land.
agricultural density
Agricultural density: the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
natural increase rate (NIR)
Natural Increase Rate (NIR): the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
natural increase rate (NIR)
Natural Increase Rate (NIR): the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
doubling time
Doubling Time: the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
population explosion
Population Explosion: the rapid increase of a number of people living in an area.
crude birth rate (CBR)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR): the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
total fertility rate (TFR)
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): measures the number of births in a society.
infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
natality rate
Natality Rate: number of births per 1000 individuals per year.
demographic equation
Demographic Equation: the global difference between births and deaths.
demographic transition model
Demographic transition model: changes in the natural increase rate as a function of economic development.
demographic momentum
Demographic Momentum: death rates decline and the birth rates remain high.
crude death rate (CDR)
Crude Death Rate (CDR): the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
demographic transition
Demographic Transition: a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.
rust belt
Rust Belt: the region from New York to the Midwest that was once dominated by industrial manufacturing.
industial revolution
Industrial Revolution: a conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market.
medical revolution
Medical Revolution: medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia , and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
zero population growth (ZPG)
Zero Population Growth (ZPG): occurs when the CBR (crude birth rate) is still slightly higher than the CDR (crude death rate) because some females die before reaching childbearing years, and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary.
maternal mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate: the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy.
age-sex distribution ratio
Age-sex distribution (ratio): shown on a population pynamids and shows the distribution of a country’s population between males and females of various ages.
sex ratio
Sex ratio: the number of males per 100 females in the population.
cohort
Cohort: each age-sex group.
population pyramids
Population Pyramids: useful tools to analyze and predict future population growth.
population projection
Population Projection: using population pyramids.
life expectancy
Life Expectancy: the number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.
dependency ratio
Dependency ratio: the percentage of people in a population who are either older or younger, unable to work, and thus must be supported by others.
dependency ratio
Dependency ratio: the percentage of people in a population who are either older or younger, unable to work, and thus must be supported by others.
graying population
“Graying” population: when society and government tend to favor providing adequate health care, social services, pensions, and attention to the needs of an aging population.
epidemiology transitons
Epidemiology transitions: focuses on the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
epidemiology
Epidemiology: the branch of medicine that is concerned with disease.
pandemic
Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time.
epidemic
Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
pronatalist policy
Pronatalist policy: a government policy that supports higher birth rates.
antinatalist policy
Antinatalist policy: supports lower birth rates.
thomas malthus
Thomas Malthus: a British economist who was the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.
neo-malthusian
Neo-Malthusian: fear that a large population size could lead to a humanitarian and ecological disaster.
migration
Migration: a permanent move to a new location.
mobility
Mobility: covering all types of movements from one place to another.
social mobility
Social Mobility: the movement in time of individuals, families, or other social units between positions of varying advantage in the system of social stratification of a society.
activity space
Activity Space: the local areas within which people move or travel in the course of their daily activities.
circulation
Circulation: types of short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.
migration transition
Migration transition: a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
international migration
International Migration: a permanent move from one country to another.
voluntary migration
Voluntary Migration: the migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental reasons.
forced migration
Forced Migration: the migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors.
intercontinental migration
Intercontinental Migration: migration from one continent to another.
internal migration
Internal Migration: a permanent move within the same country.
interregional migration
Interregional Migration: the movement from one region of a country to another.
intraregional migration
Intraregional Migration: the movement within one region.
intraregional migration
Intraregional Migration: the movement within one region.
chain migration
Chain Migration: when immigrants move to places where family members and friends from their home country have already migrated.
emigration
Emigration: migration FROM a location.
immigration
Immigration: migration TO a location.
net migration
Net migration: the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
center of population gravity
Center of Population gravity: the average location of everyone in the country.
Counterurbanization
Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural area.
cotton belt
Cotton Belt: named for the extensive production of cotton and textiles in the south until the 1950’s.
sun belt
Sun Belt: (previously named Cotton Belt) land of opportunity as the northern migrants moved south seeking new opportunities.
push factor
Push factor: induces people to move out of their present location
pull factor
Pull factor: induces people to move into a new location.
intervening obstacle
Intervening obstacle: an environmental or political feature that hinders migration.
step migration
Step-migration: migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination.
place utility
Place-utility: a place may offer economic incentives in an effort to attract people to their town or city.
refugee
Refugee: has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations,of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters, and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, member
amnesty
Amnesty: forgiveness for breaking the law.
asylum seeker
Asylum Seeker: someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
internally displaced person (IDP)
Internally displaced person (IDP): has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.
trans-humance
Trans-humance: the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures.
intervening opportunity
Intervening Opportunity: an environmental or cultural feature that favors migration.
remittance
Remittance: the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.
unauthorized immigrants
Unauthorized immigrants: individuals entering a country without proper files and papers.
undocumented immigrants
Undocumented Immigrants: people who enter the country without proper documents.
quota
Quota: a law established a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate into a country.
family reunification
Family-reunification: parts of family immigrating later were unified with previous immigrant family-members.
brain drain
Brain-drain: a large-scale emigration by talented people.
family based migration
Family-based migration: the migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there.
guest worker
Guest worker: people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs.
time contract workers
Time-contract workers: immigrants recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or plantations.
circular migration
Circular migration: the temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.
