Unit 4 Flashcards
ethnicity
Ethnicity: identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
nationality
Nationality: identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
nationalism
Nationalism: Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
centripetal forces
Centripetal Forces: an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state
centrifugal forces
Centrifugal Forces: forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state
physical geogrpahy
Physical Geography: one of the two major branches of geography which studies the natural features of earth, as well as earth’s natural processes.
ethnic separatism
Ethnic Separatism: occurs when minority groups fight for independence
economy of scale
Economy of Scale: The reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases
quebecois
Quebecois: A native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French)
ethnic cleansing
Ethnic Cleansing: when a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole
state
State: is an area organized into a political unit and has an established government, control over its internal and external (foreign affairs), defined territories, population (permanent), and is recognized by other states
microstates
Microstates: States with very small land areas
sovereignty
Sovereignty: independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
territoriality
Territoriality: the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land
city state
City-State: a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.
nation
Nation: a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics, such as language and ethnicity, or shared history.
naiton-state
Nation-State: A state whose territory corresponds to its nationality
naiton-state
Nation-State: A state whose territory corresponds to its nationality
self determination
Self-Determination: the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
stateless nation
Stateless nations: A nation of people without a state that it considers home
failed states
Failed States: a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services.
uneven development
Uneven Development: The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
multinational state
Multinational State: a state that contains two or more cultural groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
multinational state
Multinational State: a state that contains two or more cultural groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
mulitethnic state
Multi-ethnic state: a state that contains more than one ethnic group
Ethnonationalism/Ethnic Nationalist Movement:
Ethnonationalism/Ethnic Nationalist Movement: a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.
irredentism
Irredentism: a political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism
multistate nations
Multistate Nations: when a nation stretches across borders and across states
autonomous region
Autonomous Region: an area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority
semi autonomous region
Semi Autonomous Regions: area where a group has some type of political autonomy
colony
Colony: a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
colonialism
Colonialism: an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
decolonization
Decolonization: the action of changing from colonial to independent status
berlin conference
Berlin Conference: regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the period known as New Imperialism
imperialism
Imperialism: a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
neocolonialism
Neocolonialism: the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): to unify and strengthen the Western Allies’ military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.
warsaw pact
Warsaw Pact: an alliance founded in 1955 between Eastern European countries to serve as a military and political unit of contiguous communist nations.
united nations
United Nations:An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries.
European Union (EU)
European Union: (EU) operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.
supranationalism/supranational organization
Supranationalism/Supranational Organization: the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance
balance of power
Balance of Power: a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
democracy
Democracy: a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office.
democratization
Democratization: the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
autocracy
Autocracy: a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.
anocracy
Anocracy: a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types.
unitary state
Unitary State: an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
federal state
Federal State: an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
terrorism
Terrorism: the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non state actor to attain a policial, economic, religious, or social goal through gear, coercion, or intimidation.
shatterbelts
Shatterbelts: a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.
weapon of mass destruction
Weapon of Mass Destruction: a nuclear, biological, chemical, or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural structures, or the biosphere.
balkanization
Balkanization: division of a region or state into smaller states based which are more ethnically homogeneous
devolution
Devolution: The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or the breakup of a large state (balkanization) into several independent ones
independence movements
Independence Movements: an effort by people to create a new sovereign state in a place inside of another state
separatist movements
Separatist Movements: Political movement of part of a political unit towards independence
boundary
Boundary: an invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory.
choke point
Choke Point (maritime choke point): a geographical feature on land or at sea which an armed force is forced to pass at the risk of reducing their relative combat power against a numerically inferior opponent. (where the water distance between two countries is less than 24 miles)
frontier
Frontier: a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
compact state
Compact State: a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
prorupted state
Prorupted State: an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
perforated state
Perforated State: a state that completely surrounds another state
elongated state
Elongated State: a state with a long, narrow shape
relic boundary
Relic (relic boundary): A boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape
fragmented state
Fragmented State: a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
landlocked state
Landlocked State: a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
superimposed boundaries
Superimposed Boundaries: political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there.
subsequent boundaries
Subsequent Boundaries: formed based on religious, ethnic, linguistic, and economic differences between groups of people
antecedent boudaries
Antecedent Boundaries: a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society.
geometric boundaries
Geometric Boundaries: A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs.
cultural boundaries
Cultural Boundaries:follow the distribution of cultural features
physical boundaries
Physical Boundaries: coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
consequent boundaries
Consequent Boundaries: a boundary between opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups, that was established to settle disputes, end wars, and establish a clear separation between groups.
gerrymandering
Gerrymandering: the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
cracking
Cracking:when legislatures disperse a group into several districts in order to prevent a majority.
packing
Packing:combines similar voters into one district to prevent them affecting another district
political boundaries
Political Boundaries: An invisible line that marks the outer limits of a state’s territory.
internal boundaries
Internal Boundaries: borders within a country
international boundaries
International Boundaries: a border that separates two or more countries from one another
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country’s EEZ (exclusive economic zone) to extend 200 nautical miles.
territorial waters
Territorial waters (12): the area of sea around a country’s coast recognized as being under that country’s jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982.
contiguous zone
Contiguous zone(24): has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast
exclusive economic zone
Exclusive Economic zone(200): up to 200 nautical miles to explore in and extract materials from.
voting districts
Voting Districts: adopted by Census Bureau include a wide variety of small polling areas (election districts, precincts, or wards) State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections.
redistricting
Redistricting: The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.
