Unit 6

Question 1

activated microglia

Answer 1

become activated following exposure to PAMPs and DAMPs and the removal of immune-suppressive signals; secrete destructive molecules and become phagocytes

Question 2

acute phase response

Answer 2

binds to surface of bacteria to mark for phagocytes

Question 3

adrenal cortex

Answer 3

glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

Question 4

adrenal medulla

Answer 4

epinephrine
norepinephrine

Question 5

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 5

tropic hormone, stimulated by CRH; target is adrenal cortex on kidney

Question 6

anterior pituitary

Answer 6

adenohypophysis; Rathke’s pouch invaginates the back of pituitary gland to become anterior pituitary

Question 7

autocrine cell

Answer 7

affects receptors on presynaptic terminal (same cell)

Question 8

autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; regulates physiological processes

Question 9

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)

Answer 9

released in anterior pituitary, stimulates release of ACTH

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

small proteins that signal other cells to affect their function

Question 11

exocrine

Answer 11

secreted into ducts to be carried into adjacent target organs/external environment

Question 12

homeostasis

Answer 12

regulates the internal environment of the body so it remains stable and relatively constant

Question 13

inflammatory response

Answer 13

tissue damage carries bacteria, wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells which release histamine, histamine increases capillary blood flow and permeability…phagocytes leave caps and ingest bacteria and dead cells

Question 14

lymphocytes

Answer 14

B lymphocytes make antibodies; T lymphocytes kill tumor cells and help control immune responses

Question 15

macrophage

Answer 15

initiates inflammation by releasing cytokines to activate other cells

Question 16

mast cells

Answer 16

releases histamine

Question 17

microglia

Answer 17

immune cells in CNS for inflammation

Question 18

negative feedback

Answer 18

increased output from system INHIBITS future production

Question 19

paracrine cell

Answer 19

signals diffuse through extracellular space to nearby target cells; closer cells = best response

Question 20

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

efferent system; cell bodies in brain stem and sacral area

Question 21

pheromone

Answer 21

carry message from one individual in a species to another individual in the same species

Question 22

pituitary gland

Answer 22

major endocrine gland

Question 23

postganglionic fiber

Answer 23

nonmyelinated; long in SNS, short in PNS

Question 24

preganglionic neurons

Answer 24

myelinated; short in SNS, long in PNS

Question 25

sympathetic chain

Answer 25

located just lateral to spinal cord

Question 26

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 26

cell bodies come from thoracolumbar region

Question 27

atropine

Answer 27

muscarinic antagonist at post ganglionic siste

Question 28

catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Answer 28

enzyme that can degrade DA and NE, with MAO

Question 29

dopa

Answer 29

comes from tyrosine, forms dopamine with dopa decarboxylase

Question 30

dopamine

Answer 30

from dopa and sometimes tyrosine (w/tyrosine hydroxylase), forms norepinephrine w/dopamine beta-hydroxylase

Question 31

hexamethonium

Answer 31

nicotinic antagonist at postganglionic site

Question 32

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 32

enzyme that can degrade DA and NE, with COMT

Question 33

muscarine

Answer 33

muscarinic agonist at ganglion

Question 34

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Answer 34

atropine

Question 35

nicotine

Answer 35

nicotinic agonist at ganglion

Question 36

nicotinic receptor antagonist

Answer 36

hexamethonium

Question 37

norepinephrine

Answer 37

from dopamine and sometimes tyrosine, forms epinephrine; SNS neurotransmitter on postganglionic fiber

Question 38

oxytocin

Answer 38

released from posterior pituitary; stimulates mammillary glands to produce milk

Question 39

tyrosine

Answer 39

from phenylalanine, forms dopa w/tyrosine hydroxylase, can form NE or DA

Question 40

vasopressin

Answer 40

ADH; regulates body fluid; released from pituitary gland